Image Classification on 8 Vision Benchmarks (SUN397, Cars, RESISC45, EuroSAT, SVHN, GTSRB, MNIST, DTD)
95.5Average AccuracyIso-CTS+AdaRank
Evaluation results
| Method | Links | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iso-CTS+AdaRankBackbone=ViT-L/142025.03 | 95.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Iso-CTS+AdaMergingBackbone=ViT-L/142025.03 | 95.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Fine-tunedBackbone=ViT-L/14, Method Category=Reference Results2025.08 | 94.3 | 82.8 | 92.9 | 97.4 | 99.2 | 97.9 | 99.2 | 99.8 | 85.5 | — | — | — | |
| IndividualBackbone=ViT-L/142025.03 | 94.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TSV-M+AdaRankBackbone=ViT-L/142025.03 | 93.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CART+AdaRankBackbone=ViT-L/142025.03 | 93.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CART+AdaMergingBackbone=ViT-L/142025.03 | 93.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Iso-CTSBackbone=ViT-L/142025.03 | 93 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TA+AdaRankBackbone=ViT-L/142025.03 | 93 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TSV-M+AdaMergingBackbone=ViT-L/142025.03 | 93 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Iso-CTSBackbone=ViT-L/14, Method Category=Data-Free Methods2025.08 | 92.7 | 80.7 | 92.2 | 95.9 | 97.5 | 95.7 | 98.4 | 99.2 | 82.1 | — | — | — | |
| CARTBackbone=ViT-L/142025.03 | 92.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DOGE AMBackbone=ViT-L/14, Method Category=Test-Time Adaption Methods2025.08 | 92.5 | 79.6 | 91.8 | 94.2 | 96.8 | 96.3 | 98.6 | 98.9 | 83.8 | — | — | — | |
| MTLBackbone=ViT-L/14, Method Category=Reference Results2025.08 | 92.4 | 79 | 89.3 | 94.5 | 98.4 | 96.4 | 98.1 | 99.4 | 83.7 | — | — | — | |
| Iso-CBackbone=ViT-L/14, Method Category=Data-Free Methods2025.08 | 92.1 | 80.7 | 91.5 | 95.3 | 97.2 | 95.1 | 97.8 | 99.1 | 80.3 | — | — | — | |
| TSV-MBackbone=ViT-L/142025.03 | 91.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| RegMean++Backbone=ViT-L/14, Method Category=Training-Free Methods2025.08 | 91 | 77.2 | 89.6 | 92.8 | 97.5 | 96.9 | 96.3 | 99.2 | 78.4 | — | — | — | |
| Layer-wise AdaMergingBackbone=ViT-L/14, Method Category=Test-Time Adaption Methods2025.08 | 91 | 78.2 | 90.8 | 90.8 | 96.1 | 95 | 97.5 | 98.5 | 81.4 | — | — | — | |
| TA+AdaMergingBackbone=ViT-L/142025.03 | 90.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| IndividualBackbone=ViT-B/322025.12 | 90.69 | 74.49 | 77.73 | 98.22 | 99.8 | 97.46 | 98.73 | 99.69 | 79.36 | — | — | — | |
| TSV-MBackbone=ViT-L/14, Method Category=Data-Free Methods2025.08 | 90.6 | 78.2 | 89.8 | 93.5 | 96.7 | 95.6 | 96.5 | 99.1 | 75.3 | — | — | — | |
| IndividualBackbone=ViT-B/322025.03 | 90.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| IndividualBackbone=ViT-B/322025.03 | 90.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DTS-DBackbone=ViT-B/322025.12 | 90.4 | 74.15 | 76.87 | 97.98 | 99.78 | 97.36 | 98.63 | 99.67 | 78.78 | 0.39 | 3.68 | — | |
| RegMeanBackbone=ViT-L/14, Method Category=Training-Free Methods2025.08 | 90.4 | 76.9 | 89.8 | 93 | 97.5 | 96.3 | 94.1 | 98.7 | 77 | — | — | — | |
| DTS-TBackbone=ViT-B/322025.12 | 90.32 | 74.15 | 76.85 | 97.92 | 99.66 | 97 | 98.34 | 99.63 | 79.03 | 0.4 | 3.68 | — | |
| DTS-D*Backbone=ViT-B/322025.12 | 90.17 | 73.97 | 76.42 | 97.58 | 99.56 | 97.13 | 98.58 | 99.47 | 78.63 | 0.57 | 0.98 | — | |
| T-SwitchBackbone=ViT-B/322025.12 | 90.15 | 74.05 | 77.32 | 96.47 | 99.52 | 97.33 | 98.41 | 99.56 | 78.55 | 0.59 | 6.25 | — | |
| DTS-T*Backbone=ViT-B/322025.12 | 90.08 | 74.01 | 76.13 | 97.74 | 99.52 | 96.96 | 98.15 | 99.6 | 78.51 | 0.67 | 0.98 | — | |
| TALL-MaskBackbone=ViT-B/322025.12 | 90.04 | 73.02 | 77.38 | 97.63 | 99.38 | 97.15 | 98.46 | 99.66 | 77.61 | 0.71 | 15.62 | — | |
| FREE-MergingBackbone=ViT-B/322025.12 | 89.74 | 77.1 | 78.23 | 93.48 | 99.55 | 96.3 | 98.21 | 99.57 | 75.47 | 1.05 | 10 | — | |
| WEMoEBackbone=ViT-B/322025.03 | 89.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Iso-CTS+AdaRankBackbone=ViT-B/322025.03 | 89.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Twin-MergingBackbone=ViT-B/322025.03 | 89.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| WEMOEBackbone=ViT-B/322025.12 | 89.36 | 73.92 | 77.36 | 93.58 | 99.11 | 96.25 | 98.64 | 99.57 | 76.43 | 1.47 | 49.95 | — | |
| CART+AdaRankBackbone=ViT-B/322025.03 | 89.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Iso-CTS+AdaMergingBackbone=ViT-B/322025.03 | 89.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CART+AdaRankBackbone=ViT-B/322025.03 | 89.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SVDBackbone=ViT-B/322025.12 | 88.98 | 71.18 | 71.6 | 96.95 | 99.64 | 97.24 | 98.02 | 99.66 | 77.58 | 1.88 | 5.87 | — | |
| TSV-M+AdaRankBackbone=ViT-B/322025.03 | 88.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TSV-M+AdaRankBackbone=ViT-B/322025.03 | 88.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DOGE TABackbone=ViT-L/14, Method Category=Data-Free Methods2025.08 | 88.7 | 76.6 | 87.5 | 91.3 | 96 | 94.4 | 93.5 | 98.9 | 71.3 | — | — | — | |
| EMR-MergingBackbone=ViT-B/322025.12 | 88.18 | 71.02 | 72.75 | 93.49 | 99.24 | 96.86 | 98.12 | 99.58 | 74.36 | 2.77 | 15.62 | — | |
| TA+AdaRankBackbone=ViT-B/322025.03 | 87.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TA+AdaRankBackbone=ViT-B/322025.03 | 87.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TSV-M+AdaMergingBackbone=ViT-B/322025.03 | 87.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Consensus MergingBackbone=ViT-L/142025.03 | 86.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Ties-MergingBackbone=ViT-L/142025.03 | 86.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CART+AdaMergingBackbone=ViT-B/322025.03 | 85.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Iso-CTSBackbone=ViT-B/322025.03 | 84.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CARTBackbone=ViT-B/322025.03 | 84.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Task Arithmetic (TA)Backbone=ViT-L/142025.03 | 84.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TSV-MBackbone=ViT-B/322025.03 | 83.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TIES-MergingBackbone=ViT-L/14, Method Category=Data-Free Methods2025.08 | 83.8 | 74.8 | 83.2 | 86.5 | 89.7 | 89.7 | 85.2 | 97.8 | 63.9 | — | — | — | |
| Twin-MergingBackbone=ViT-B/322025.12 | 83.07 | 71.56 | 68.78 | 89.97 | 72.11 | 96.65 | 93.35 | 99.66 | 72.5 | 8.41 | 100 | — | |
| Fisher MergingBackbone=ViT-L/14, Method Category=Training-Free Methods2025.08 | 82.4 | 70.9 | 78.8 | 83 | 94.7 | 84.9 | 94.9 | 91.1 | 61 | — | — | — | |
| AdaMerging++Backbone=ViT-B/322025.12 | 81.09 | 66.61 | 68.34 | 82.28 | 94.11 | 89.54 | 89.01 | 98.18 | 60.66 | 10.58 | 0 | — | |
| Task ArithmeticBackbone=ViT-L/14, Method Category=Data-Free Methods2025.08 | 80.5 | 72 | 79 | 80.6 | 84.6 | 87.5 | 83.5 | 98 | 58.5 | — | — | — | |
| AdaMergingBackbone=ViT-B/322025.12 | 80.16 | 64.44 | 68.05 | 79.31 | 93.8 | 87.06 | 91.93 | 97.56 | 59.11 | 11.62 | 0 | — | |
| TA+AdaMergingBackbone=ViT-B/322025.03 | 80.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Model SoupsBackbone=ViT-L/14, Method Category=Data-Free Methods2025.08 | 79.9 | 72.5 | 81.5 | 82.3 | 88.5 | 81.6 | 74 | 96.6 | 61.8 | — | — | — | |
| Weight AveragingBackbone=ViT-L/142025.03 | 79.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CoreSpace + ENMPBackbone=ViT-B/322026.04 | 78.79 | 97.8 | 84.14 | 84.98 | 67.15 | 56.06 | 81.4 | 76.28 | 82.54 | — | — | 2.32 | |
| CoreSpaceBackbone=ViT-B/322026.04 | 76.47 | 97.51 | 82.89 | 84.34 | 53.16 | 53.55 | 84.3 | 71 | 85.03 | — | — | — | |
| Consensus MergingBackbone=ViT-B/322025.03 | 75.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Ties-MergingBackbone=ViT-B/322025.12 | 72.9 | 64.17 | 64.43 | 76.31 | 76.62 | 81.28 | 69.37 | 96.53 | 54.52 | 19.62 | 0 | — | |
| Ties-MergingBackbone=ViT-B/322025.03 | 72.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| RegMeanBackbone=ViT-B/322025.12 | 71.81 | 65.35 | 63.53 | 75.61 | 78.66 | 78.1 | 67.49 | 93.75 | 52.02 | 20.71 | 0 | — | |
| UnprotectedProtect=None, Attack=None, Backbone=ViT-B/32, Merging Strategy=CAT Merging2026.06 | 70.93 | 65.8 | 60.42 | 69.47 | 80.38 | 83.03 | 59.47 | 98.47 | 50.43 | — | — | — | |
| KnOTS + ENMPBackbone=ViT-B/322026.04 | 70.82 | 95.41 | 82.98 | 71.38 | 55.06 | 60.91 | 44.76 | 80.46 | 75.64 | — | — | 5.54 | |
| TSV + ENMPBackbone=ViT-B/322026.04 | 70 | 96.22 | 82.75 | 73.9 | 62.56 | 53.12 | 46.46 | 69.49 | 75.48 | — | — | 3.26 | |
| Task-ArithmeticBackbone=ViT-B/322025.12 | 69.22 | 54.78 | 54.98 | 67.69 | 78.7 | 80.21 | 69.68 | 97.34 | 50.37 | 23.68 | 0 | — | |
| Task Arithmetic (TA)Backbone=ViT-B/322025.03 | 69.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Fisher-MergingBackbone=ViT-B/322025.12 | 68.38 | 68.69 | 69.21 | 70.73 | 66.41 | 72.91 | 51.17 | 87.94 | 59.99 | 24.61 | 0 | — | |
| DARE + ENMPBackbone=ViT-B/322026.04 | 67.16 | 96.11 | 82.04 | 70.92 | 58.89 | 47.58 | 39.29 | 66.9 | 75.54 | — | — | 3.53 | |
| TSVBackbone=ViT-B/322026.04 | 66.74 | 95.25 | 83.59 | 73.39 | 52.6 | 49.29 | 44.85 | 59.53 | 75.45 | — | — | — | |
| TIES + ENMPBackbone=ViT-B/322026.04 | 66.33 | 95.93 | 81.53 | 70.48 | 58.16 | 46.82 | 37.93 | 65.58 | 74.24 | — | — | 2.74 | |
| Weight AveragingBackbone=ViT-B/322025.03 | 65.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Weight-AveragingBackbone=ViT-B/322025.12 | 65.83 | 65.35 | 63.41 | 71.42 | 71.69 | 64.2 | 52.82 | 87.56 | 50.18 | 27.42 | 0 | — | |
| KnOTSBackbone=ViT-B/322026.04 | 65.28 | 93.58 | 82.74 | 71.25 | 47.06 | 49.22 | 44.14 | 61.59 | 72.63 | — | — | — | |
| TA + ENMPBackbone=ViT-B/322026.04 | 65.21 | 96.09 | 81.6 | 71.85 | 55.02 | 42.63 | 41.19 | 58.08 | 75.18 | — | — | 1.67 | |
| PretrainedBackbone=ViT-L/142025.03 | 65 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DAREBackbone=ViT-B/322025.12 | 64.89 | 64.76 | 63.08 | 71.02 | 70.7 | 62.04 | 50.68 | 86.17 | 50.64 | 28.45 | 0 | — | |
| DAREBackbone=ViT-B/322026.04 | 63.63 | 95.1 | 82.43 | 69.74 | 49.91 | 44.5 | 37.65 | 56.71 | 72.99 | — | — | — | |
| TIESBackbone=ViT-B/322026.04 | 63.59 | 95.35 | 82.6 | 69.67 | 50.77 | 42.97 | 36.68 | 57.48 | 73.17 | — | — | — | |
| TABackbone=ViT-B/322026.04 | 63.54 | 95.39 | 81.99 | 71.48 | 49.31 | 41.22 | 42.17 | 53.01 | 73.72 | — | — | — | |
| PretrainedBackbone=ViT-B/322025.03 | 48 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MergeGuardProtect=MergeGuard, Attack=None, Backbone=ViT-B/32, Merging Strategy=CAT Merging2026.06 | 37.18 | 45.02 | 31.19 | 33.86 | 48.43 | 42.11 | 24.86 | 35.92 | 36.01 | — | — | — | |
| ARF under AGA attackProtect=ARF, Attack=AGA, Backbone=ViT-B/32, Merging Strategy=CAT Merging2026.06 | 28.17 | 38.78 | 25.06 | 21.22 | 28.81 | 38.58 | 18.04 | 29.75 | 25.11 | — | — | — | |
| ARFProtect=ARF, Attack=None, Backbone=ViT-B/32, Merging Strategy=CAT Merging2026.06 | 5.63 | 0.3 | 0.35 | 2.04 | 12.38 | 12.11 | 5.37 | 10.12 | 2.33 | — | — | — |