Hyperspectral Image Classification on Indian Pines (test)
99.9Overall Accuracy (OA)SG-DSCNet
Evaluation results
| Method | Links | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SG-DSCNet2025.04 | 99.9 | 100 | 99.76 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 99.86 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 96.43 | 99.75 | 99.89 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| WCNet2025.04 | 99.87 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 99.6 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 96.43 | 99.75 | 99.85 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| LGCNet2025.04 | 99.85 | 100 | 99.92 | 99.87 | 100 | 100 | 99.56 | 95.83 | 100 | 100 | 99.78 | 99.82 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 97.73 | 99.53 | 99.83 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| LGCNet2025.04 | 99.85 | 100 | 99.92 | 99.87 | 100 | 100 | 99.56 | 95.83 | 100 | 100 | 99.78 | 99.82 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 97.73 | 99.53 | 99.83 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| LGCNet2025.04 | 99.85 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 99.53 | 99.83 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| EKGNetinput size=17x17x2002025.04 | 99.84 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 99.51 | 99.81 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| JigsawHSI2022.06 | 99.74 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 98.11 | 99.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SSRN2025.04 | 99.62 | 100 | 99.85 | 99.83 | 100 | 99.78 | 99.81 | 100 | 100 | 0 | 100 | 99.62 | 99.17 | 100 | 98.87 | 100 | 98.51 | 93.46 | 99.57 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SSRN2025.04 | 99.62 | 100 | 99.85 | 99.83 | 100 | 99.78 | 99.81 | 100 | 100 | 0 | 100 | 99.62 | 99.17 | 100 | 98.87 | 100 | 98.51 | 93.46 | 99.57 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SSRN2025.04 | 99.62 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 93.46 | 99.57 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DGCNet2025.04 | 99.58 | 100 | 99.47 | 99.51 | 97.65 | 100 | 99.88 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 98.85 | 99.72 | 99.56 | 100 | 99.87 | 100 | 98.3 | 99.55 | 99.53 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DGCNet2025.04 | 99.58 | 100 | 99.47 | 99.51 | 97.65 | 100 | 99.88 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 98.85 | 99.72 | 99.56 | 100 | 99.87 | 100 | 98.3 | 99.55 | 99.53 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DGCNet2025.04 | 99.58 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 99.55 | 99.53 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MSSTPara=847632, Train (s)=101.64, Test (s)=2.34, Flops=31088642025.04 | 99.5512 | 95.6521 | 99.2997 | 100 | 100 | 97.5206 | 99.178 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 99.3827 | 99.7557 | 99.3265 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 99.3822 | 99.4882 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SSRN2026.01 | 99.19 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 98.93 | 99.07 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SDHSI-NetModule=Teacher (T)2026.01 | 99 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 98.71 | 98.86 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DSXFormer2026.02 | 98.91 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 96.3 | 98.76 | 100 | 98.5 | 98.97 | 100 | 95.56 | 99.02 | 100 | 100 | 64.29 | 98.82 | 99.42 | 99.04 | 97.9 | 100 | 100 | 89.23 | — | |
| DSCC2026.04 | 98.85 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 98.77 | 98.69 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 3D-SE-DenseNet2025.04 | 98.84 | 95.87 | 98.82 | 99.12 | 94.83 | 99.86 | 99.33 | 97.37 | 100 | 100 | 99.48 | 98.95 | 95.75 | 99.28 | 99.55 | 98.7 | 96.51 | 98.42 | 98.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 3D-SE-DenseNet2025.04 | 98.84 | 95.87 | 98.82 | 99.12 | 94.83 | 99.86 | 99.33 | 97.37 | 100 | 100 | 99.48 | 98.95 | 95.75 | 99.28 | 99.55 | 98.7 | 96.51 | 98.42 | 98.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 3D-SE-DenseNet2025.04 | 98.84 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 98.42 | 98.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| IGSSMamba2026.01 | 98.71 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 98.33 | 98.53 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| S2Mamba2026.04 | 98.68 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 97.91 | 98.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SDHSI-NetModule=Student (S2)2026.01 | 98.65 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 94.95 | 98.47 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| HybridSN2026.01 | 98.54 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 97.62 | 98.35 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CVSSN2026.04 | 98.42 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 97.31 | 98.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 3D-CNN2025.04 | 98.23 | 96.88 | 98.02 | 97.74 | 96.89 | 99.12 | 99.41 | 88.89 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 99.33 | 97.67 | 99.64 | 99.65 | 96.34 | 97.92 | 98.8 | 97.96 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 3D-CNN2025.04 | 98.23 | 96.88 | 98.02 | 97.74 | 96.89 | 99.12 | 99.41 | 88.89 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 99.33 | 97.67 | 99.64 | 99.65 | 96.34 | 97.92 | 98.8 | 97.96 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 3D-CNN2025.04 | 98.23 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 98.8 | 97.96 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SSEFN2026.04 | 98.21 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 96.18 | 97.96 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FADCNN2026.02 | 97.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 93.96 | 86.1 | 88.26 | 98.04 | 97.04 | 96.03 | 99.34 | 99.48 | 75.72 | 100 | 78 | 96.5 | 98.49 | 95.45 | 99.02 | 99.48 | 99.74 | 82.8 | — | |
| MambaHSI2026.04 | 97.37 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 96.26 | 97 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| GSC-VIT2026.01 | 97.12 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 94.34 | 96.67 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| HCNNPara=1380480, Train (s)=30.83, Test (s)=0.83, Flops=187781122025.04 | 96.878 | 60.8695 | 97.3389 | 96.3855 | 90.6779 | 97.5206 | 99.726 | 71.4285 | 99.5815 | 50 | 95.679 | 98.8599 | 96.6329 | 97.0588 | 99.0521 | 83.4196 | 93.4782 | 89.2318 | 96.4373 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| PyFormer2026.02 | 96.67 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 90.36 | 96.2 | 93.75 | 96 | 98.11 | 98.19 | 95.27 | 98.24 | 70 | 100 | 50 | 92.65 | 97.91 | 95.9 | 93.01 | 99.66 | 96.3 | 70.77 | — | |
| PMCN2026.02 | 96.45 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 90.89 | 95.94 | 93.75 | 92.7 | 98.45 | 83.13 | 96.75 | 99.61 | 70 | 100 | 42.86 | 94.41 | 98.31 | 91.08 | 100 | 99.44 | 98.52 | 95.38 | — | |
| DSTC2026.04 | 96.15 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 98.75 | 98.57 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CNN-MRFRegularized=true2017.05 | 96.12 | 86.52 | 91.46 | 96.35 | 96.22 | 99.48 | 99.82 | 78 | 98.84 | 100 | 94.26 | 96.48 | 91.85 | 98.85 | 98.36 | 91.54 | 97.85 | 94.75 | 95.78 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DisentangleFormervariant=2-stage2025.12 | 96.11 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 98.29 | 95.55 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| PFPara=16680662, Train (s)=1019.90, Test (s)=12.92, Flops=157306882025.04 | 95.8829 | 91.3043 | 95.238 | 91.5662 | 89.8305 | 96.2809 | 98.6301 | 92.8571 | 100 | 90 | 89.5061 | 98.0456 | 92.2558 | 100 | 99.0521 | 97.4093 | 93.4782 | 94.7159 | 95.2985 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 2DCNNPara=1078336, Train (s)=24.03, Test (s)=0.90, Flops=26700802025.04 | 95.8439 | 56.5217 | 93.8375 | 96.6265 | 85.5932 | 96.2809 | 98.6301 | 100 | 100 | 60 | 90.9465 | 96.8241 | 96.2962 | 97.0588 | 99.2101 | 95.8549 | 100 | 91.48 | 95.2557 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SSSAN2026.04 | 95.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 92.18 | 95.21 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 3DCNNPara=15808224, Train (s)=40.96, Test (s)=0.78, Flops=157327362025.04 | 95.7463 | 73.913 | 93.9775 | 96.6265 | 83.0508 | 95.0413 | 99.452 | 92.8571 | 99.5815 | 100 | 91.9753 | 97.3127 | 91.2457 | 99.0196 | 98.8941 | 93.2642 | 100 | 94.1382 | 95.1454 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SSTPara=836816, Train (s)=106.02, Test (s)=2.33, Flops=1105922025.04 | 95.5512 | 100 | 92.4369 | 96.3855 | 92.3728 | 97.5206 | 98.9041 | 100 | 100 | 80 | 87.6543 | 96.8241 | 94.276 | 99.0196 | 98.4202 | 94.3005 | 100 | 95.5071 | 94.9254 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| WaveFormer2026.02 | 95.41 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 86.66 | 94.76 | 97.06 | 91.88 | 97.91 | 93.82 | 93.92 | 95.26 | 47.62 | 99.16 | 40 | 91.36 | 98.53 | 95.73 | 86.36 | 100 | 95.16 | 62.86 | — | |
| CSSMamba2026.01 | 95.39 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 95.82 | 98.04 | 83.33 | 89.69 | 94.93 | 97.96 | 94.13 | 99.56 | 92.85 | 99.77 | 100 | 90.34 | 95.9 | 95.84 | 100 | 98.85 | — | 100 | 100 | |
| M3D-CNN2026.01 | 95.32 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 96.41 | 94.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| HSSTPara=836816, Train (s)=102.46, Test (s)=2.37, Flops=1105922025.04 | 95.2195 | 69.5652 | 92.0168 | 95.6626 | 94.0677 | 99.1735 | 99.178 | 100 | 100 | 90 | 86.8312 | 96.3355 | 90.909 | 100 | 98.5781 | 97.4093 | 100 | 94.3579 | 94.5476 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| WFPara=2667408, Train (s)=96.38, Test (s)=2.48, Flops=1679362025.04 | 94.8878 | 91.3043 | 92.2969 | 96.8674 | 86.4406 | 97.1074 | 98.9041 | 100 | 100 | 80 | 85.1851 | 96.9055 | 88.2154 | 100 | 97.7883 | 97.9274 | 100 | 94.3089 | 94.1671 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SwinT2026.02 | 94.61 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 85.42 | 93.84 | 83.78 | 94.97 | 90.76 | 95.65 | 96.6 | 92.15 | 90.91 | 99.7 | 66.67 | 94.79 | 93.59 | 92.29 | 95.14 | 98.88 | 98.48 | 78.57 | — | |
| SVM-3DDWT-GCRegularized=true2017.05 | 94.28 | 82.93 | 95.56 | 95.72 | 95.77 | 96.54 | 99.39 | 0 | 100 | 88.89 | 92.22 | 98.05 | 98.31 | 98.37 | 99.03 | 89.91 | 72.29 | 87.69 | 94.85 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SSRN2026.01 | 94.19 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 96.88 | 93.36 | 100 | 92.22 | 94.18 | 100 | 92.78 | 97.97 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 96.24 | 90.19 | 89.69 | 100 | 97.47 | — | 100 | 99.42 | |
| CNNRegularized=false2017.05 | 94.05 | 85.23 | 90.17 | 93.43 | 84.19 | 98.76 | 99.43 | 74.52 | 98.74 | 100 | 91.71 | 95.59 | 89.97 | 98.64 | 97.88 | 89.95 | 96.83 | 92.97 | 92.86 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SDHSI-NetModule=Student (S1)2026.01 | 93.64 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 74.87 | 92.75 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| A-SPN2025.12 | 93.56 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 84.44 | 93 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SVM-3DDWTRegularized=false2017.05 | 93.19 | 63.41 | 89.81 | 91.97 | 80.75 | 96.77 | 98.78 | 56 | 100 | 94.44 | 88.44 | 95.79 | 94.93 | 94.57 | 97.72 | 79.83 | 75.9 | 87.44 | 92.22 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MambaHSI2026.01 | 92.86 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 95.89 | 96.74 | 100 | 92.14 | 91.39 | 98.4 | 93.9 | 98.98 | 92.85 | 99.77 | 100 | 24.8 | 85.96 | 92.04 | 100 | 98.44 | — | 98.11 | 99.71 | |
| HyperspectralMAE2025.12 | 92.37 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 95.8 | 91 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ViT2026.01 | 92.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 95.68 | 98.56 | 100 | 83.71 | 89.36 | 100 | 95.93 | 95.5 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 95.06 | 90.39 | 82.09 | 100 | 99.67 | — | 100 | 99.13 | |
| SSTN2026.01 | 91.43 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 93.52 | 97.85 | 83.33 | 81.12 | 86.96 | 96.45 | 88.49 | 93.62 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 94.96 | 92.05 | 86.44 | 100 | 97.55 | — | 100 | 95.38 | |
| 3D-CNN2026.01 | 91.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 91.58 | 89.98 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SSTN2026.04 | 90.91 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 89.82 | 89.61 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 2D CNN2026.02 | 90.25 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 93.69 | 89.18 | 54.77 | 96.94 | 99.46 | 96.87 | 94.12 | 96.81 | 91.29 | 93.05 | 87.59 | 100 | 68.57 | 88.48 | 100 | 82.05 | 100 | 100 | — | |
| RPNet-RF2025.12 | 90.23 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 87.12 | 88.87 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SwinT2025.12 | 89.73 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 93.75 | 88.27 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 2D-CNN2026.01 | 89.48 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 86.14 | 87.96 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| NL-GCNN2026.02 | 87.92 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 93.79 | 86.25 | 83.09 | 89.03 | 100 | 93.51 | 94.12 | 98.18 | 88.24 | 78.78 | 86.7 | 99.38 | 94.94 | 97.27 | 100 | 97.44 | 100 | 100 | — | |
| SVM-GCRegularized=true2017.05 | 85.92 | 95.12 | 68.48 | 56.49 | 77 | 94.47 | 97.72 | 34.42 | 100 | 0 | 75.06 | 95.47 | 99.44 | 98.37 | 97.45 | 76.66 | 98.8 | 76.91 | 83.78 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| VIT2026.02 | 85.44 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 66.3 | 83.32 | 100 | 67.51 | 74.47 | 100 | 93.43 | 86.58 | 100 | 97.95 | 0 | 86.12 | 90.68 | 80.79 | 87.12 | 96.67 | 98.28 | 66.67 | — | |
| GCNN2026.02 | 85.43 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 91.87 | 83.42 | 76.66 | 86.1 | 100 | 93.06 | 92.06 | 96.81 | 88.24 | 76.8 | 80.85 | 99.38 | 93.89 | 93.64 | 100 | 92.31 | 100 | 100 | — | |
| SSFTT2026.01 | 84.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 89.27 | 82.29 | 100 | 79.11 | 85.06 | 94.92 | 93.91 | 99.57 | 100 | 98.4 | 100 | 84.87 | 82.53 | 67.09 | 100 | 85.7 | — | 100 | 83.82 | |
| ConvNeXt2026.01 | 83.54 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 90.39 | 93.84 | 100 | 74.49 | 80.37 | 100 | 92.32 | 93.33 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 78.96 | 74.78 | 79.92 | 100 | 94.2 | — | 100 | 97.1 | |
| CCF-2002026.02 | 82.87 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 89.78 | 80.59 | 76.37 | 77.93 | 94.57 | 94.41 | 91.39 | 97.04 | 90.96 | 69.48 | 89.01 | 98.77 | 93.73 | 74.55 | 100 | 97.44 | 90.91 | 100 | — | |
| MorphFormer2026.04 | 82.66 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 86.27 | 80.12 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Spectralformer2025.04 | 81.76 | 70.52 | 81.89 | 91.3 | 95.53 | 85.51 | 99.32 | 81.81 | 75.48 | 73.76 | 98.77 | 93.17 | 78.48 | 100 | 79.49 | 100 | 100 | 87.81 | 79.19 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Spectralformer2025.04 | 81.76 | 70.52 | 81.89 | 91.3 | 95.53 | 85.51 | 99.32 | 81.81 | 75.48 | 73.76 | 98.77 | 93.17 | 78.48 | 100 | 79.49 | 100 | 100 | 87.81 | 79.19 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SpectralFormer2025.04 | 81.76 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 87.81 | 79.19 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SpectraFormer2025.12 | 81.76 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 87.81 | 79.19 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SDMamba2026.01 | 81.56 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 90.76 | 78.96 | 100 | 59.87 | 72.66 | 97.46 | 93.45 | 98.41 | 100 | 99.32 | 100 | 85.62 | 73.87 | 77.22 | 100 | 94.61 | — | 100 | 99.71 | |
| CKISource Dataset=Pavia University2025.12 | 81.21 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 88.77 | 78.67 | 73.99 | 92.6 | 92.93 | 85.01 | 91.97 | 93.85 | 70.92 | 72.5 | 73.94 | 96.3 | 91.24 | 87.88 | 97.78 | 100 | 100 | 100 | — | |
| CKISource Dataset=Houston2025.12 | 80.86 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 88.4 | 78.22 | 73.77 | 83.04 | 94.02 | 84.79 | 91.39 | 93.85 | 72.77 | 74.65 | 66.13 | 99.38 | 92.36 | 88.18 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | — | |
| ViT2025.12 | 80.41 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 82.5 | 78.76 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| BaselineMode=Target Only Training2025.12 | 78.15 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 87.38 | 75.3 | 66.04 | 89.29 | 99.46 | 85.01 | 91.39 | 93.62 | 70.26 | 64.19 | 76.06 | 95.68 | 93.89 | 87.88 | 95.56 | 89.74 | 100 | 100 | — | |
| Baselinemode=Supervised2025.12 | 78.15 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 87.38 | 75.3 | 66.04 | 89.29 | 99.46 | 85.01 | 91.39 | 93.62 | 70.26 | 64.19 | 76.06 | 95.68 | 93.89 | 87.88 | 95.56 | 89.74 | 100 | 100 | — | |
| SVMRegularized=false2017.05 | 77.02 | 73.17 | 62.65 | 52.88 | 32.39 | 91.24 | 92.09 | 36 | 95.58 | 0 | 61.44 | 86.92 | 76.36 | 91.85 | 97.01 | 48.13 | 91.57 | 68.08 | 73.49 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FFLSource Dataset=Pavia University2025.12 | 75.31 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 85.02 | 72.06 | 66.84 | 80.1 | 94.02 | 79.87 | 88.67 | 93.62 | 68.52 | 64.31 | 64.89 | 95.06 | 90.19 | 74.24 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | — | |
| SVM-RBF2026.02 | 74.24 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 83.8 | 70.93 | 71.39 | 71.05 | 86.96 | 91.72 | 85.8 | 93.85 | 75.38 | 59.88 | 76.24 | 96.91 | 79.58 | 74.84 | 97.78 | 79.49 | 100 | 100 | — | |
| AdaptorSource Dataset=Pavia University2025.12 | 73.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 83.36 | 69.84 | 68.21 | 61.73 | 87.5 | 78.75 | 78.62 | 91.11 | 62.96 | 68.78 | 67.02 | 96.91 | 84.81 | 87.27 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | — | |
| FFLSource Dataset=Houston2025.12 | 73.45 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 85.17 | 70.17 | 58.53 | 83.29 | 95.11 | 82.77 | 79.34 | 94.08 | 61.33 | 60.26 | 74.65 | 98.77 | 93.17 | 81.52 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | — | |
| AdaptorSource Dataset=Houston2025.12 | 73.24 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 82.78 | 69.65 | 61.27 | 83.16 | 91.3 | 81.43 | 80.77 | 93.17 | 69.93 | 66.67 | 47.7 | 88.27 | 83.52 | 83.94 | 93.33 | 100 | 100 | 100 | — | |
| FinetuneSource Dataset=Pavia University2025.12 | 72.53 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 83.15 | 68.92 | 58.09 | 76.53 | 92.39 | 79.19 | 78.77 | 92.26 | 62.31 | 65.34 | 66.31 | 95.06 | 87.86 | 78.79 | 100 | 97.44 | 100 | 100 | — | |
| FinetuneSource Dataset=Houston2025.12 | 72.08 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 81.67 | 68.23 | 64.09 | 72.7 | 90.22 | 82.33 | 75.61 | 90.66 | 55.12 | 65.34 | 59.22 | 97.53 | 91.8 | 72.42 | 100 | 89.74 | 100 | 100 | — | |
| ONESource Dataset=Houston2025.12 | 71.78 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 84.08 | 68.28 | 62.21 | 83.93 | 93.48 | 78.3 | 85.08 | 92.71 | 66.56 | 56.99 | 68.44 | 95.68 | 81.03 | 78.48 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | — | |
| MTLSource Dataset=Pavia University2025.12 | 71.66 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 82.8 | 68.12 | 59.1 | 69.26 | 86.96 | 83.67 | 86.94 | 94.76 | 60.46 | 58.6 | 70.39 | 98.15 | 94.21 | 64.85 | 100 | 97.44 | 100 | 100 | — | |
| ONESource Dataset=Pavia University2025.12 | 70.58 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 83.14 | 66.9 | 61.42 | 83.93 | 93.48 | 84.34 | 83.36 | 92.48 | 49.89 | 57.73 | 68.44 | 97.53 | 81.91 | 80.91 | 100 | 94.87 | 100 | 100 | — | |
| MLRsubMLLRegularized=true2017.05 | 70.45 | 95.12 | 50.04 | 13.12 | 15.02 | 73.04 | 98.93 | 37.25 | 100 | 0 | 19.68 | 88.82 | 16.51 | 99.46 | 99.91 | 60.52 | 83.13 | 56.82 | 65.43 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MTLSource Dataset=Houston2025.12 | 67.56 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 81.93 | 63.79 | 55.63 | 68.11 | 95.65 | 83.45 | 79.2 | 94.31 | 63.4 | 50.95 | 66.31 | 94.44 | 81.83 | 77.58 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | — | |
| UANSource Dataset=Houston2025.12 | 63.49 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 79.43 | 59.41 | 48.77 | 65.69 | 89.13 | 78.97 | 66.86 | 94.08 | 66.56 | 41.52 | 71.45 | 91.98 | 83.04 | 77.58 | 97.78 | 97.44 | 100 | 100 | — | |
| MLRsubRegularized=false2017.05 | 63.12 | 46.34 | 40.93 | 26.24 | 17.37 | 70.97 | 94.37 | 18.18 | 96.51 | 22.22 | 25.06 | 78.23 | 16.51 | 93.48 | 99.38 | 4.32 | 77.11 | 50.57 | 53.13 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| UANSource Dataset=Pavia University2025.12 | 62.74 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 79.21 | 58.62 | 56.29 | 73.09 | 89.67 | 73.15 | 78.05 | 94.76 | 54.58 | 33.46 | 55.67 | 96.91 | 92.12 | 72.12 | 100 | 97.44 | 100 | 100 | — |