ResearchBenchmarksForward Simulation on Darcy Flow 97% Sparse ObservationForward Simulation on Darcy Flow 97% Sparse ObservationFollow0.0249L2 Relative ErrorFunDPS0.0063760.1314130.256450.381487Dec 1, 2025Evaluation resultsMethodMethodLinksL2 Relative ErrorAverage RankFunDPSSteps (N)=500Steps (N)=5002025.120.02491.75FunDPSSteps (N)=200Steps (N)=2002025.120.02883.25PRISMASteps (N)=50Steps (N)=502025.120.03112.25PRISMASteps (N)=20Steps (N)=202025.120.03133DiffusionPDESteps (N)=2000Steps (N)=20002025.120.06073.75FNO2025.120.2826.5PINO2025.120.3526.5DeepONet2025.120.3836.5PINN2025.120.4888.5