Domain Generalization on PACS (leave-one-domain-out)
97.85Art AccuracyFedRoD+FOOGD
Evaluation results
| Method | Links | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FedRoD+FOOGDbase_method=FedRoD2024.10 | 97.85 | 92.31 | 93.01 | 50.95 | 83.53 | |
| FedAvg+FOOGDbase_method=FedAvg2024.10 | 97.46 | 89.32 | 91.48 | 41.4 | 79.92 | |
| FedAvg2024.10 | 97.21 | 62.58 | 91 | 35.28 | 71.52 | |
| FedT3A2024.10 | 97.13 | 75.71 | 93.21 | 37.4 | 75.86 | |
| FedTHE2024.10 | 96.17 | 90.72 | 93.57 | 29.14 | 77.4 | |
| FedRoD2024.10 | 93.45 | 88.85 | 89.34 | 29.95 | 75.39 | |
| AHABackbone=ResNet-50, Validation protocol=leave-one-domain-out, Model selection=training domain validation set2024.10 | 92.6 | 93.5 | 98.7 | 86.1 | 92.7 | |
| FACTBackbone=ResNet50, Model Selection=best models on test splits2021.05 | 90.89 | 83.65 | 97.78 | 86.17 | 89.62 | |
| FACTBackbone=ResNet-502022.03 | 90.89 | 83.65 | 97.78 | 86.17 | 89.62 | |
| CIRLBackbone=ResNet-502022.03 | 90.67 | 84.3 | 97.84 | 87.68 | 90.12 | |
| HYPOBackbone=ResNet-50, Validation protocol=leave-one-domain-out, Model selection=training domain validation set2024.10 | 90.5 | 84.6 | 97.7 | 83.2 | 89 | |
| STNPBackbone=ResNet502023.03 | 90.35 | 84.2 | 96.73 | 85.18 | 89.11 | |
| Inference-time Label-Preserving Target ProjectionsBackbone=ResNet-502021.03 | 90.25 | 85.19 | 98.97 | 86.2 | 90.15 | |
| DCGBackbone=ResNet502023.03 | 90.24 | 85.12 | 97.76 | 86.31 | 89.84 | |
| PCLBackbone=ResNet502023.03 | 90.2 | 83.9 | 98.1 | 82.6 | 88.7 | |
| FACT2025.11 | 89.68 | 81.06 | 97.02 | 83.76 | 87.88 | |
| FACTBackbone=ResNet502021.05 | 89.63 | 81.77 | 96.75 | 84.46 | 88.15 | |
| FACTBackbone=ResNet502021.05 | 89.63 | 81.77 | 96.75 | 84.46 | 88.15 | |
| FACTBackbone=ResNet502023.03 | 89.63 | 81.77 | 96.75 | 84.46 | 88.15 | |
| D-GAP2025.11 | 89.34 | 82.81 | 97.99 | 85.98 | 89.03 | |
| DDGBackbone=ResNet502023.03 | 88.9 | 85 | 97.2 | 84.3 | 88.9 | |
| VNEBackbone=ResNet-50, Validation protocol=leave-one-domain-out, Model selection=training domain validation set2024.10 | 88.6 | 79.9 | 96.7 | 82.3 | 86.9 | |
| CORALBackbone=ResNet-50, Validation protocol=leave-one-domain-out, Model selection=training domain validation set2024.10 | 88.3 | 80 | 97.5 | 78.8 | 86.2 | |
| SelfRegBackbone=ResNet-50, Validation protocol=leave-one-domain-out, Model selection=training domain validation set2024.10 | 87.9 | 79.4 | 96.8 | 78.3 | 85.6 | |
| GVRTBackbone=ResNet-50, Validation protocol=leave-one-domain-out, Model selection=training domain validation set2024.10 | 87.9 | — | 98.2 | 75.7 | 85.1 | |
| RSCBackbone=ResNet502021.05 | 87.89 | 82.16 | 97.92 | 83.35 | 87.83 | |
| RSCBackbone=ResNet50, Note=Original Reported Results2021.05 | 87.89 | 82.16 | 97.92 | 83.35 | 87.83 | |
| RSCBackbone=ResNet-502021.03 | 87.89 | 82.16 | 97.92 | 83.85 | 87.83 | |
| RSCBackbone=ResNet502023.03 | 87.89 | 82.16 | 97.92 | 83.35 | 87.83 | |
| MTLBackbone=ResNet-50, Validation protocol=leave-one-domain-out, Model selection=training domain validation set2024.10 | 87.5 | 77.1 | 96.4 | 77.3 | 84.6 | |
| SagNetBackbone=ResNet-50, Validation protocol=leave-one-domain-out, Model selection=training domain validation set2024.10 | 87.4 | 80.7 | 97.1 | 80 | 86.3 | |
| MetaRegBackbone=ResNet502021.05 | 87.2 | 79.2 | 97.6 | 70.3 | 83.6 | |
| MetaRegBackbone=ResNet502021.05 | 87.2 | 79.2 | 97.6 | 70.3 | 83.6 | |
| MetaRegBackbone=ResNet-502022.03 | 87.2 | 79.2 | 97.6 | 70.3 | 83.6 | |
| DSONBackbone=ResNet-502021.03 | 87.04 | 80.62 | 95.99 | 82.9 | 86.64 | |
| FedIIR2024.10 | 86.86 | 80.29 | 88.98 | 31.38 | 71.88 | |
| ARMBackbone=ResNet-50, Validation protocol=leave-one-domain-out, Model selection=training domain validation set2024.10 | 86.8 | 76.8 | 97.4 | 79.3 | 85.1 | |
| MixstyleBackbone=ResNet-50, Validation protocol=leave-one-domain-out, Model selection=training domain validation set2024.10 | 86.8 | 79 | 96.6 | 78.5 | 85.2 | |
| EISNetBackbone=ResNet502021.05 | 86.64 | 81.53 | 97.11 | 78.07 | 85.84 | |
| EISNetBackbone=ResNet502021.05 | 86.64 | 81.53 | 97.11 | 78.07 | 85.84 | |
| EISNetBackbone=ResNet-502021.03 | 86.64 | 81.53 | 97.11 | 78.07 | 85.84 | |
| EISNetBackbone=ResNet-502022.03 | 86.64 | 81.53 | 97.11 | 78.07 | 85.84 | |
| DANNBackbone=ResNet-50, Validation protocol=leave-one-domain-out, Model selection=training domain validation set2024.10 | 86.4 | 77.4 | 97.3 | 73.5 | 83.7 | |
| Inference-time Label-Preserving Target ProjectionsBackbone=ResNet-182021.03 | 86.39 | 81.26 | 97.15 | 81.79 | 86.65 | |
| I-MixupBackbone=ResNet-50, Validation protocol=leave-one-domain-out, Model selection=training domain validation set2024.10 | 86.1 | 78.9 | 97.6 | 75.8 | 84.6 | |
| MMDBackbone=ResNet-50, Validation protocol=leave-one-domain-out, Model selection=training domain validation set2024.10 | 86.1 | 79.4 | 96.6 | 76.5 | 84.7 | |
| CIRLBackbone=ResNet-18, Evaluation Protocol=Leave-one-domain-out2023.04 | 86.08 | 80.59 | 95.93 | 82.67 | 86.32 | |
| VREXBackbone=ResNet-50, Validation protocol=leave-one-domain-out, Model selection=training domain validation set2024.10 | 86 | 79.1 | 96.9 | 77.7 | 84.9 | |
| DCGBackbone=ResNet182023.03 | 85.94 | 80.76 | 96.41 | 82.08 | 86.3 | |
| FACTBackbone=ResNet18, Model Selection=best models on test splits2021.05 | 85.9 | 79.35 | 96.61 | 80.89 | 85.69 | |
| MatchDGBackbone=ResNet-502022.03 | 85.61 | 82.12 | 97.94 | 78.76 | 86.11 | |
| MLDGBackbone=ResNet-50, Validation protocol=leave-one-domain-out, Model selection=training domain validation set2024.10 | 85.5 | 80.1 | 97.4 | 76.6 | 84.9 | |
| RSCBackbone=ResNet-50, Validation protocol=leave-one-domain-out, Model selection=training domain validation set2024.10 | 85.4 | 79.7 | 97.6 | 78.2 | 85.2 | |
| FACTBackbone=ResNet182021.05 | 85.37 | 78.38 | 95.15 | 79.15 | 84.51 | |
| FACTBackbone=ResNet182021.05 | 85.37 | 78.38 | 95.15 | 79.15 | 84.51 | |
| FACTBackbone=ResNet182023.03 | 85.37 | 78.38 | 95.15 | 79.15 | 84.51 | |
| FACTBackbone=ResNet-18, Evaluation Protocol=Leave-one-domain-out2023.04 | 85.37 | 78.38 | 95.15 | 79.15 | 84.51 | |
| Meta-Causal Learning (Ours)Backbone=ResNet-18, Evaluation Protocol=Leave-one-domain-out, Method Identity=simulate-analyze-reduce2023.04 | 85.3 | 80.93 | 96.53 | 85.24 | 87 | |
| SAM2025.11 | 85.25 | 82.02 | 96.75 | 85.04 | 87.27 | |
| DeepAllBackbone=ResNet502021.05 | 84.94 | 76.98 | 97.64 | 76.75 | 84.08 | |
| DeepAllBackbone=ResNet502021.05 | 84.94 | 76.98 | 97.64 | 76.75 | 84.08 | |
| DeepAllBackbone=ResNet-502022.03 | 84.94 | 76.98 | 97.64 | 76.75 | 84.08 | |
| DeepAllBackbone=ResNet502023.03 | 84.94 | 76.98 | 97.64 | 76.75 | 84.08 | |
| DeepAll2025.11 | 84.94 | 76.98 | 97.64 | 76.75 | 84.08 | |
| IRMBackbone=ResNet-50, Validation protocol=leave-one-domain-out, Model selection=training domain validation set2024.10 | 84.8 | 76.4 | 96.7 | 76.1 | 83.5 | |
| ERMBackbone=ResNet-50, Validation protocol=leave-one-domain-out, Model selection=training domain validation set2024.10 | 84.7 | 80.8 | 97.2 | 79.3 | 85.5 | |
| DSONBackbone=ResNet-182021.03 | 84.67 | 77.65 | 95.87 | 82.23 | 85.11 | |
| CDANNBackbone=ResNet-50, Validation protocol=leave-one-domain-out, Model selection=training domain validation set2024.10 | 84.6 | 75.5 | 96.8 | 73.5 | 82.6 | |
| STNPBackbone=ResNet182023.03 | 84.41 | 79.25 | 94.93 | 83.27 | 85.47 | |
| DDAIGBackbone=ResNet182021.05 | 84.2 | 78.1 | 95.3 | 74.7 | 83.1 | |
| DDAIGBackbone=ResNet182021.05 | 84.2 | 78.1 | 95.3 | 74.7 | 83.1 | |
| DDAIGBackbone=ResNet182023.03 | 84.2 | 78.1 | 95.3 | 74.7 | 83.1 | |
| DDAIGBackbone=ResNet-18, Evaluation Protocol=Leave-one-domain-out2023.04 | 84.2 | 78.1 | 95.3 | 74.7 | 83.1 | |
| MixStyleBackbone=ResNet182023.03 | 84.1 | 78.8 | 96.1 | 75.9 | 83.7 | |
| RSC (our imple.)Backbone=ResNet502021.05 | 83.92 | 79.52 | 95.15 | 82.2 | 85.2 | |
| RSCBackbone=ResNet50, Implementation=Reproduced2021.05 | 83.92 | 79.52 | 95.15 | 82.2 | 85.2 | |
| MetaRegBackbone=ResNet182021.05 | 83.7 | 77.2 | 95.5 | 70.3 | 81.7 | |
| MetaRegBackbone=ResNet182021.05 | 83.7 | 77.2 | 95.5 | 70.3 | 81.7 | |
| MetaRegBackbone=ResNet-18, Evaluation Protocol=Leave-one-domain-out2023.04 | 83.7 | 77.2 | 95.5 | 70.3 | 81.7 | |
| DSUBackbone=ResNet182023.03 | 83.6 | 79.6 | 95.8 | 77.6 | 84.1 | |
| GroupDROBackbone=ResNet-50, Validation protocol=leave-one-domain-out, Model selection=training domain validation set2024.10 | 83.5 | 79.1 | 96.7 | 78.3 | 84.4 | |
| AGST2025.11 | 83.5 | 80.83 | 96.49 | 79.57 | 85.35 | |
| RSCBackbone=ResNet182021.05 | 83.43 | 80.31 | 95.99 | 80.85 | 85.15 | |
| RSCBackbone=ResNet18, Note=Original Reported Results2021.05 | 83.43 | 80.31 | 95.99 | 80.85 | 85.15 | |
| RSCBackbone=ResNet-182021.03 | 83.43 | 80.31 | 95.99 | 80.85 | 85.15 | |
| RSCBackbone=ResNet182023.03 | 83.43 | 80.31 | 95.99 | 80.85 | 85.15 | |
| RSCBackbone=ResNet-18, Evaluation Protocol=Leave-one-domain-out2023.04 | 83.43 | 80.31 | 95.99 | 80.85 | 85.15 | |
| L2A-OTBackbone=ResNet182021.05 | 83.3 | 78.2 | 96.2 | 73.6 | 82.8 | |
| L2A-OTBackbone=ResNet182021.05 | 83.3 | 78.2 | 96.2 | 73.6 | 82.8 | |
| L2A-OTBackbone=ResNet-182021.03 | 83.3 | 78.2 | 96.2 | 73.6 | 82.8 | |
| L2A-OTBackbone=ResNet182023.03 | 83.3 | 78.2 | 96.2 | 73.6 | 82.8 | |
| L2A-OTBackbone=ResNet-18, Evaluation Protocol=Leave-one-domain-out2023.04 | 83.3 | 78.2 | 96.2 | 73.6 | 82.8 | |
| MASFBackbone=ResNet50, Model Selection=best models on test splits2021.05 | 82.89 | 80.49 | 95.01 | 72.29 | 82.67 | |
| MASFBackbone=ResNet502021.05 | 82.89 | 80.49 | 95.01 | 72.29 | 82.67 | |
| MASFBackbone=ResNet-502021.03 | 82.89 | 80.49 | 95.01 | 72.29 | 82.67 | |
| MASFBackbone=ResNet-502022.03 | 82.89 | 80.49 | 95.01 | 72.29 | 82.67 | |
| Epi-FCRBackbone=ResNet182021.05 | 82.1 | 77 | 93.9 | 73 | 81.5 | |
| Epi-FCRBackbone=ResNet182021.05 | 82.1 | 77 | 93.9 | 73 | 81.5 | |
| Epi-FCRBackbone=ResNet-18, Evaluation Protocol=Leave-one-domain-out2023.04 | 82.1 | 77 | 93.9 | 73 | 81.5 | |
| EISNetBackbone=ResNet182021.05 | 81.89 | 76.44 | 95.93 | 74.33 | 82.15 |