ResearchBenchmarksCyber-attack detection on Case 39 bus system (test)Cyber-attack detection on Case 39 bus system (test)Follow99.5AccuracyPIGTN92.7494.49596.2598.005Feb 16, 2026Evaluation resultsMethodMethodLinksAccuracyPrecisionTrue Positive RateFalse Positive RateF1 ScorePIGTN2026.0299.510098.9099.5GraphSAGE2026.0299.499.998.90.0299.4PIGCN2026.0298.710097.3098.6GTN2026.0298.510097.1098.5PIGDN2026.0298.510096.9098.4GAT2026.0297.210094.4097.1GDN2026.0293.499.8870.2192.9GCN2026.029399.886.10.1792.5