Clustering on Fashion-MNIST
80NMIIPBC
Evaluation results
| Method | Links | |||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPBCFeedback=Simulated2026.01 | 80 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 75 | — | — | 45 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| H-RCutEmbedding=DINOv2, Graph type=50-NN RBF, K=10, Q=0.812025.11 | 76 | 77.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 38 | 83 | — | — | |
| H-RCutEmbedding Model=DINOv3-B, K=10, Q=0.802025.11 | 75.9 | 78.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 39.3 | 87 | — | — | |
| H-NCutEmbedding Model=DINOv3-B, K=10, Q=0.802025.11 | 75.9 | 78.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 39.2 | 87 | — | — | |
| H-NCutEmbedding=DINOv2, Graph type=50-NN RBF, K=10, Q=0.812025.11 | 75.9 | 77.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 38.3 | 83 | — | — | |
| PRCutBackbone=DinoV22025.02 | 75.8 | 79.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| PRCut*Embedding=DINOv2, Graph type=50-NN RBF, K=10, Q=0.812025.11 | 75.8 | 77.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 38.4 | 83 | — | — | |
| DiEC2025.12 | 75.5 | 79.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 66.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Spectral ClusteringEmbedding=DINOv2, Graph type=50-NN RBF, K=10, Q=0.812025.11 | 75.4 | 71.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 26 | 58 | — | — | |
| Spectral ClusteringEmbedding Model=DINOv3-B, K=10, Q=0.802025.11 | 74.1 | 70.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 22 | 51 | — | — | |
| PRCut*Embedding Model=DINOv3-B, K=10, Q=0.802025.11 | 74.1 | 77.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 43.3 | 96 | — | — | |
| SPC-best2021.07 | 73.48 | 67.94 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Spectral ClusteringK=10, Q=0.76, Embeddings=CLIP ViT-L/142025.11 | 73 | 71.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 29 | 0.66 | — | — | |
| TurtleBackbone=DinoV22025.02 | 72.3 | 76.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SPC2021.07 | 72.09 | 65.58 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ChLinkage function=Chamfer2026.02 | 71.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 61 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DENDeep Learning=true, Embedding Dimension=22020.06 | 71 | 63.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ESC2021.10 | 70.8 | 66.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 55.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| EnSC2021.10 | 70.5 | 67.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 56.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Spectral2021.10 | 70 | 62.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 49.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SPC-GMM2021.07 | 69.51 | 65.03 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Ward'sLinkage function=Ward's2026.02 | 68.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 55.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| VMM2025.02 | 68.8 | 71.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| NCSC2021.10 | 68.6 | 72.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 59.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| N2DDeep Learning=true2020.06 | 68.4 | 67.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| n2d2021.07 | 68.4 | 67.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DCCMApproach category=Reference: Augmentation Consistency Methods2025.12 | 68.4 | 75.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 60.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Ch_NSLinkage function=Chamfer (Normalized Symmetric)2026.02 | 68.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 56.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DeepDPMfeatures=pretrained-autoencoder2026.07 | 68 | 62 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 51 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CCApproach category=Reference: Augmentation Consistency Methods2025.12 | 67.5 | 70.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 56.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| H-NCutK=10, Q=0.76, Embeddings=CLIP ViT-L/142025.11 | 67 | 69.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 60.8 | 1.4 | — | — | |
| DPM Samplerfeatures=pretrained-autoencoder2026.07 | 67 | 59 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 49 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DLS2021.07 | 66.9 | 69.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SENet2021.10 | 66.3 | 69.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 55.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ADECCategory=Deep Clustering2019.09 | 66.2 | 58.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ADCdata augmentation=true2021.07 | 66.2 | 58.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DDC-DADeep Learning=true2020.06 | 66.1 | 60.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ClusterDDPMApproach category=Embedding-based Deep Clustering2025.12 | 66.1 | 70.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 56.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| GDLDeep Learning=false2020.06 | 66 | 62.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| moVBfeatures=pretrained-autoencoder2026.07 | 66 | 55 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 47 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DCECApproach category=Embedding-based Deep Clustering2025.12 | 65.9 | 62.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 54 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Ch_NLinkage function=Chamfer (Normalized)2026.02 | 65.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 57.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| UMAP + DBSCANDimensionality Reduction=UMAP, Clustering=DBSCAN2026.01 | 65 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 50 | — | — | 25 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Ours (from scratch)input=raw pixels2026.07 | 65 | 64.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 52.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ClusterGAN2021.10 | 64.5 | 66.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DSCDAN2021.10 | 64.5 | 66.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DynAE2019.01 | 64.2 | 59.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DynAEDeep Learning=true2020.06 | 64.2 | 59.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DynAEdata augmentation=true2021.07 | 64.2 | 59.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ClusterGAN2021.07 | 64 | 63 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ClusterGANApproach category=Embedding-based Deep Clustering2025.12 | 64 | 63 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 50 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| PRCut*K=10, Q=0.76, Embeddings=CLIP ViT-L/142025.11 | 63.8 | 65.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 55.1 | 1.2 | — | — | |
| UNSEEN+DCNbackbone=autoencoder2026.07 | 63.7 | 57.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 46.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| EnSCCategory=Classical2019.09 | 63.6 | 62.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| EnSC2019.01 | 63.6 | 62.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| AverageLinkage function=Average2026.02 | 63.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 52.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| IICApproach category=Reference: Augmentation Consistency Methods2025.12 | 63.4 | 65.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 52.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DDCdata augmentation=true2021.07 | 63.2 | 57 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| VaDECategory=Deep Clustering2019.09 | 63 | 57.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| VaDE2019.01 | 63 | 57.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| VADEresult source=[34]2021.07 | 63 | 57.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DBSCANfeatures=pretrained-autoencoder2026.07 | 63 | 39 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 32 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| UNSEEN+DKMbackbone=autoencoder2026.07 | 62.2 | 53.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 43.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| H-RCutK=10, Q=0.76, Embeddings=CLIP ViT-L/142025.11 | 61.9 | 63.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 66.6 | 1.5 | — | — | |
| AE + k-meansCategory=Deep Clustering2019.09 | 61.4 | 58.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| AE + K-Means2019.01 | 61.4 | 58.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| VaDEApproach category=Embedding-based Deep Clustering2025.12 | 61.1 | 62.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 53.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| JULECategory=Deep Clustering2019.09 | 60.8 | 56.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| JULE2019.01 | 60.8 | 56.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| JULEresult source=[34]2021.07 | 60.8 | 56.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| JULE2021.10 | 60.8 | 56.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| IDECApproach category=Embedding-based Deep Clustering2025.12 | 60.4 | 55.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 44.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| UMAP+HDBSCANDeep Learning=false2020.06 | 59.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SC2025.02 | 59.3 | 59.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DECApproach category=Embedding-based Deep Clustering2025.12 | 59.1 | 53.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 42 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| UNSEEN+DECbackbone=autoencoder2026.07 | 58.6 | 54.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 42.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| k-means2021.10 | 57.8 | 50.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 40.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Ch_SLinkage function=Chamfer (Symmetric)2026.02 | 57.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 47.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SCCategory=Spectral2019.09 | 57.5 | 50.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SC2019.01 | 57.5 | 50.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CentroidLinkage function=Centroid2026.02 | 56.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 45 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ACCategory=Classical2019.09 | 56.4 | 50 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| AC2019.01 | 56.4 | 50 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DCNCategory=Deep Clustering2019.09 | 55.8 | 50.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DCN2019.01 | 55.8 | 50.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DCNresult source=[34]2021.07 | 55.8 | 50.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| GMMCategory=Classical2019.09 | 55.7 | 55.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| IDECCategory=Deep Clustering2019.09 | 55.7 | 52.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| GMM2019.01 | 55.7 | 55.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| IDEC2019.01 | 55.7 | 52.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| IDECresult source=[34]2021.07 | 55.7 | 52.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SR-k-meansCategory=Deep Clustering2019.09 | 54.8 | 50.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SR-KMeans2019.01 | 54.8 | 50.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DECCategory=Deep Clustering2019.09 | 54.6 | 51.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DEC2019.01 | 54.6 | 51.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DECresult source=[34]2021.07 | 54.6 | 51.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DEC2021.10 | 54.6 | 51.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| LSNMFCategory=Classical2019.09 | 52.3 | 54.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| LSNMF2019.01 | 52.3 | 54.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| k-meansCategory=Classical2019.09 | 51.2 | 47.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |