Class-Incremental Learning on CIFAR-100 (5 and 10 task evaluation)
94.5Average AccuracySoTU
Evaluation results
| Method | Links | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SoTUBackbone=ViT-B/16, Pre-training=ImageNet21K, Tasks=102024.11 | 94.5 | — | — | 91.2 | — | |
| RanPACBackbone=ViT-B/16, Pre-training=ImageNet21K, Tasks=102024.11 | 94 | — | — | 90.8 | — | |
| HiDe-PromptBackbone=ViT-B/16, Pre-training=ImageNet21K, Tasks=102024.11 | 92.8 | — | — | 90.6 | — | |
| RanPACNumber of tasks (T)=52023.07 | 92.4 | — | — | — | — | |
| RanPACNumber of tasks (T)=102023.07 | 92.2 | — | — | — | — | |
| FOSTERBackbone=ViT-B/16, Pre-training=ImageNet21K, Tasks=10, Examples per class=202024.11 | 91.8 | — | — | 87.8 | — | |
| CODA-PromptBackbone=ViT-B/16, Pre-training=ImageNet21K, Tasks=102024.11 | 91.3 | — | — | 86.9 | — | |
| EASEOptimization Protocol=FO Optimization2025.10 | 91.13 | — | — | 85.45 | 7.05 | |
| RanPACNumber of tasks (T)=202023.07 | 90.8 | — | — | — | — | |
| MoPMemory=false2025.12 | 90.13 | — | — | 84.43 | — | |
| ESNBackbone=ViT-B/16, Pre-training=ImageNet21K, Tasks=102024.11 | 90.1 | — | — | 86.1 | — | |
| ADAM (Ada)Backbone=ViT-B/16, Pre-training=ImageNet21K, Tasks=10, variant=Ada2024.11 | 90 | — | — | 85.8 | — | |
| iCaRLBackbone=ViT-B/16, Pre-training=ImageNet21K, Tasks=10, Examples per class=202024.11 | 89.7 | — | — | 79.3 | — | |
| Lang-CLMemory=false2025.12 | 89.44 | — | — | 83.84 | — | |
| InfLoRAOptimization Protocol=FO Optimization2025.10 | 89.41 | — | — | 82.89 | 6.95 | |
| L2PBackbone=ViT-B/16, Pre-training=ImageNet21K, Tasks=102024.11 | 89.3 | — | — | 84.4 | — | |
| RanPACPhase Configuration=No Phase 12023.07 | 89 | — | — | — | — | |
| DERBackbone=ViT-B/16, Pre-training=ImageNet21K, Tasks=10, Examples per class=202024.11 | 88.8 | — | — | 79.8 | — | |
| NCMNumber of tasks (T)=52023.07 | 88.6 | — | — | — | — | |
| SPAIncremental Protocol=B0 Inc102026.05 | 88.53 | — | — | 81.81 | — | |
| AdaMNumber of tasks (T)=52023.07 | 88.5 | — | — | — | — | |
| Adapter + Cls.Optimization Protocol=FO Optimization2025.10 | 88.41 | — | — | 83.64 | 9.58 | |
| ZO-FCOptimization Protocol=ZO Optimization2025.10 | 88.39 | — | — | 83.34 | 5.26 | |
| LAE AdapterOptimization Protocol=FO Optimization2025.10 | 88.05 | — | — | 82.31 | 8.35 | |
| APER AdapterOptimization Protocol=FO Optimization2025.10 | 87.9 | — | — | 81.68 | 6.01 | |
| NCMNumber of tasks (T)=102023.07 | 87.8 | — | — | — | — | |
| APER AdapterOptimization Protocol=ZO Optimization2025.10 | 87.7 | — | — | 81.49 | 6.07 | |
| CODA-PromptOptimization Protocol=FO Optimization2025.10 | 87.58 | — | — | 80.6 | 7.04 | |
| SimpleCILOptimization Protocol=Classifier Only2025.10 | 87.57 | — | — | 81.26 | 6.11 | |
| AdaMNumber of tasks (T)=102023.07 | 87.5 | — | — | — | — | |
| DualPromptBackbone=ViT-B/16, Pre-training=ImageNet21K, Tasks=102024.11 | 87.4 | — | — | 82.4 | — | |
| SLCAMemory=false2025.12 | 87.35 | — | — | 80.26 | — | |
| EASEOptimization Protocol=ZO Optimization2025.10 | 87.32 | — | — | 81.07 | 6.87 | |
| MEMOBackbone=ViT-B/16, Pre-training=ImageNet21K, Tasks=10, Examples per class=202024.11 | 87.1 | — | — | 77.2 | — | |
| L2PNumber of tasks (T)=52023.07 | 87 | — | — | — | — | |
| DualPromptNumber of tasks (T)=52023.07 | 86.9 | — | — | — | — | |
| PROOFIncremental Protocol=B0 Inc102026.05 | 86.77 | — | — | 79.11 | — | |
| NCMNumber of tasks (T)=202023.07 | 86.6 | — | — | — | — | |
| CLG-CBMIncremental Protocol=B0 Inc102026.05 | 86.58 | — | — | 80.15 | — | |
| RAPFIncremental Protocol=B0 Inc102026.05 | 86.14 | — | — | 78.04 | — | |
| BOFAIncremental Protocol=B0 Inc102026.05 | 86.07 | — | — | 79.19 | — | |
| Learnable Cls.Optimization Protocol=FO Optimization2025.10 | 85.61 | — | — | 78.33 | 5.17 | |
| DualPromptMemory=false2025.12 | 85.31 | — | — | 77.07 | — | |
| EASEMemory=false2025.12 | 85.27 | — | — | 80.7 | — | |
| MoE-AdaptersMemory=false2025.12 | 85.27 | — | — | 78.13 | — | |
| AdaMNumber of tasks (T)=202023.07 | 85.2 | — | — | — | — | |
| L2POptimization Protocol=FO Optimization2025.10 | 85.05 | — | — | 78.59 | 9.09 | |
| SPAIncremental Protocol=B50 Inc102026.05 | 85.01 | — | — | 81.6 | — | |
| CODA-PromptMemory=false2025.12 | 84.65 | — | — | 76.37 | — | |
| L2PNumber of tasks (T)=102023.07 | 84.6 | — | — | — | — | |
| PROOFMemory=true2025.12 | 84.21 | — | — | 76.59 | — | |
| L2PMemory=false2025.12 | 84.16 | — | — | 76.13 | — | |
| SimpleCILIncremental Protocol=B0 Inc102026.05 | 84.15 | — | — | 76.63 | — | |
| DualPromptNumber of tasks (T)=102023.07 | 84.1 | — | — | — | — | |
| ADAM (SSF)Backbone=ViT-B/16, Pre-training=ImageNet21K, Tasks=10, variant=SSF2024.11 | 83.9 | — | — | 89.5 | — | |
| CLG-CBMIncremental Protocol=B50 Inc102026.05 | 83.59 | — | — | 79.28 | — | |
| PR-CLIPMemory=true2025.12 | 83.46 | — | — | 76.13 | — | |
| NCMPhase Configuration=No Phase 12023.07 | 83.4 | — | — | — | — | |
| PROOFIncremental Protocol=B50 Inc102026.05 | 83.32 | — | — | 79.73 | — | |
| BOFAIncremental Protocol=B50 Inc102026.05 | 83.02 | — | — | 79.44 | — | |
| L2PIncremental Protocol=B0 Inc102026.05 | 82.74 | — | — | 73.03 | — | |
| CODA-PromptIncremental Protocol=B0 Inc102026.05 | 82.43 | — | — | 73.43 | — | |
| SimpleCILBackbone=ViT-B/16, Pre-training=ImageNet21K, Tasks=102024.11 | 82.2 | — | — | 76.2 | — | |
| RAPFIncremental Protocol=B50 Inc102026.05 | 82.17 | — | — | 77.93 | — | |
| ZS-CLIPIncremental Protocol=B0 Inc102026.05 | 81.81 | — | — | 71.38 | — | |
| DualPromptIncremental Protocol=B0 Inc102026.05 | 81.63 | — | — | 72.44 | — | |
| DualPromptNumber of tasks (T)=202023.07 | 81.2 | — | — | — | — | |
| L2PIncremental Protocol=B50 Inc102026.05 | 81.14 | — | — | 73.61 | — | |
| SimpleCILIncremental Protocol=B50 Inc102026.05 | 80.2 | — | — | 76.63 | — | |
| DualPromptIncremental Protocol=B50 Inc102026.05 | 80.12 | — | — | 72.57 | — | |
| L2PNumber of tasks (T)=202023.07 | 79.9 | — | — | — | — | |
| Adapter + Cls.Optimization Protocol=ZO Optimization2025.10 | 79.45 | — | — | 70.46 | 8.72 | |
| AttriCLIPMemory=false2025.12 | 79.39 | — | — | 68.35 | — | |
| TagFex w/ CPNSScenario=10-102026.03 | 79.16 | — | — | 69.54 | — | |
| TagFex-P w/ CPNSScenario=10-102026.03 | 79.04 | — | — | 68.36 | — | |
| CODA-PromptIncremental Protocol=B50 Inc102026.05 | 78.69 | — | — | 71.58 | — | |
| TagFexScenario=10-102026.03 | 78.45 | — | — | 68.23 | — | |
| TagFex-PScenario=10-102026.03 | 78.02 | — | — | 67.34 | — | |
| DER w/ CPNSScenario=10-102026.03 | 76.93 | — | — | 66.21 | — | |
| ZS-CLIPIncremental Protocol=B50 Inc102026.05 | 76.49 | — | — | 71.38 | — | |
| FOSTER w/ CPNSScenario=10-102026.03 | 75.48 | — | — | 64.25 | — | |
| DERScenario=10-102026.03 | 75.36 | — | — | 64.35 | — | |
| FOSTERScenario=10-102026.03 | 74.49 | — | — | 62.2 | — | |
| DER (without pruning)Backbone=modified 32-layer ResNet, #Paras=1.38M2021.03 | 73 | — | — | — | — | |
| DERBackbone=modified 32-layer ResNet, #Paras=0.42M2021.03 | 72.31 | — | — | — | — | |
| WABackbone=modified 32-layer ResNet, #Paras=0.46M2021.03 | 70 | — | — | — | — | |
| BiCBackbone=modified 32-layer ResNet, #Paras=0.46M2021.03 | 68.92 | — | — | — | — | |
| POD-AANets w/ RMMNumber of Phases (N)=5, Memory Budget=Strict (Bounded)2023.01 | 68.86 | — | — | — | — | |
| LUCIR-AANets w/ RMMNumber of Phases (N)=5, Memory Budget=Strict (Bounded)2023.01 | 68.42 | — | — | — | — | |
| POD-AANets w/ RMMNumber of Phases (N)=10, Memory Budget=Strict (Bounded)2023.01 | 67.61 | — | — | — | — | |
| iCaRLBackbone=modified 32-layer ResNet, #Paras=0.46M2021.03 | 67.2 | — | — | — | — | |
| LUCIR-AANets w/ RMMNumber of Phases (N)=10, Memory Budget=Strict (Bounded)2023.01 | 67.17 | — | — | — | — | |
| LUCIR-AANetsNumber of Phases (N)=5, Memory Budget=Strict (Bounded)2023.01 | 66.88 | — | — | — | — | |
| POD-AANetsNumber of Phases (N)=5, Memory Budget=Strict (Bounded)2023.01 | 66.61 | — | — | — | — | |
| POD-AANets w/ RMMNumber of Phases (N)=25, Memory Budget=Strict (Bounded)2023.01 | 66.21 | — | — | — | — | |
| LUCIR-AANetsNumber of Phases (N)=10, Memory Budget=Strict (Bounded)2023.01 | 65.53 | — | — | — | — | |
| POD-AANetsNumber of Phases (N)=10, Memory Budget=Strict (Bounded)2023.01 | 64.61 | — | — | — | — | |
| PODNetNumber of Phases (N)=5, Memory Budget=Strict (Bounded)2023.01 | 64.6 | — | — | — | — | |
| MnemonicsNumber of Phases (N)=5, Memory Budget=Strict (Bounded)2023.01 | 64.59 | — | — | — | — | |
| LUCIR-AANets w/ RMMNumber of Phases (N)=25, Memory Budget=Strict (Bounded)2023.01 | 64.56 | — | — | — | — |