Class Incremental Learning on CIFAR-100
94.98Averaged Incremental AccuracySGDS
Evaluation results
| Method | Links | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SGDSBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN21K, Exemplar-free=true2026.01 | 94.98 | 91.59 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SAEFBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN21K, Setting=Exemplar-free2026.02 | 94.53 | 90.6 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TUNABackbone=ViT-B/16-IN21K, Exemplar-free=true2026.01 | 94.44 | 90.74 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| RanPACBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN21K, Exemplar-free=true2026.01 | 94 | 90.62 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| RanPACBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN21K, Setting=Exemplar-free2026.02 | 94 | 90.62 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Joint full fine-tuningstrategy=full fine-tuning, backbone=ViT2023.07 | 93.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SSIATBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN21K, Exemplar-free=true2026.01 | 93.52 | 90.07 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SSIATBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN21K, Setting=Exemplar-free2026.02 | 93.52 | 90.07 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MOSBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN21K, Exemplar-free=true2026.01 | 93.3 | 89.25 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MOSBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN21K, Setting=Exemplar-free2026.02 | 93.3 | 89.25 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SLCABackbone=ViT-B/16-IN21K, Exemplar-free=true2026.01 | 92.49 | 88.55 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SLCABackbone=ViT-B/16-IN21K, Setting=Exemplar-free2026.02 | 92.49 | 88.55 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SEMABackbone=ViT-B/16-IN21K2024.03 | 92.23 | — | — | 87.84 | — | — | — | |
| RanPACalgorithm=Algorithm 12023.07 | 92.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ADAMBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN21K2024.03 | 92.18 | — | — | 87.47 | — | — | — | |
| InfLORABackbone=ViT-B/16-IN21K2024.03 | 91.71 | — | — | 86.73 | — | — | — | |
| CODA-PBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN1K2024.03 | 91.55 | 86.11 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| EASEBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN21K, Exemplar-free=true2026.01 | 91.51 | 85.8 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| EASEBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN21K, Setting=Exemplar-free2026.02 | 91.51 | 85.8 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SLCA2023.07 | 91.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SEMA2024.03 | 91.37 | 86.98 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SEMABackbone=ViT-B/16-IN1K2024.03 | 91.37 | 86.98 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DAFBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN21K, Setting=Exemplar-free2026.01 | 91.15 | — | — | 94.58 | — | — | — | |
| CODA-PBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN21K2024.03 | 91.01 | — | — | 86.2 | — | — | — | |
| APER + AdapterBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN21K, Exemplar-free=true2026.01 | 90.65 | 85.15 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| APER + AdapterBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN21K, Setting=Exemplar-free2026.02 | 90.65 | 85.15 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| RanPACBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN21K, Setting=Exemplar-free2026.01 | 90.62 | — | — | 94 | — | — | — | |
| ADAMBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN1K2024.03 | 90.55 | 85.62 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| InfLoRABackbone=ViT-B/16-IN1K2024.03 | 90.51 | 85.05 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DualPromptBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN21K2024.03 | 90.39 | — | — | 85.64 | — | — | — | |
| SSIATBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN21K, Setting=Exemplar-free2026.01 | 90.07 | — | — | 93.52 | — | — | — | |
| L2PBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN21K2024.03 | 89.51 | — | — | 85.02 | — | — | — | |
| MOSBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN21K, Setting=Exemplar-free2026.01 | 89.25 | — | — | 93.3 | — | — | — | |
| CODA-PromptBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN21K, Exemplar-free=true2026.01 | 89.11 | 81.96 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CODA-PromptBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN21K, Setting=Exemplar-free2026.02 | 89.11 | 81.96 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Janus-LoRAMode=Class-incremental2026.05 | 88.68 | — | 5.29 | — | — | — | — | |
| SLCABackbone=ViT-B/16-IN21K, Setting=Exemplar-free2026.01 | 88.55 | — | — | 92.49 | — | — | — | |
| DualPromptBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN21K, Exemplar-free=true2026.01 | 87.87 | 81.15 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DualPromptBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN21K, Setting=Exemplar-free2026.02 | 87.87 | 81.15 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SimpleCILBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN21K, Exemplar-free=true2026.01 | 87.57 | 81.26 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SimpleCILBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN21K, Setting=Exemplar-free2026.02 | 87.57 | 81.26 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SimpleCILBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN21K2024.03 | 87.13 | — | — | 81.26 | — | — | — | |
| InfLoRAMode=Class-incremental2026.05 | 86.69 | — | 4.61 | — | — | — | — | |
| DualPromptBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN1K2024.03 | 86.6 | 80.43 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| BiLoRAMode=Class-incremental2026.05 | 86.48 | — | 3.32 | — | — | — | — | |
| TUNABackbone=ViT-B/16-IN21K, Setting=Exemplar-free, Adapter Type=single global adapter2026.01 | 86.19 | — | — | 92.68 | — | — | — | |
| SCEESteps=10 step2026.05 | 86.14 | 78.59 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| OursBackbone=ViT-B/16, Prompt=Hand-crafted, Probabilistic=true2024.03 | 86.13 | 78.21 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MaPLe + OursBackbone=ViT-B/16, Prompt=Multi-modal soft prompts2024.03 | 86.06 | 78.48 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| LoRA-GPMMode=Class-incremental2026.05 | 86.01 | — | 5.56 | — | — | — | — | |
| L2PBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN21K, Exemplar-free=true2026.01 | 85.94 | 79.93 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| L2PBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN21K, Setting=Exemplar-free2026.02 | 85.94 | 79.93 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SimESteps=10, Backbone=CLIP ViT-B/16, Number of adapters=122026.03 | 85.94 | 77.1 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| EASEBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN21K, Setting=Exemplar-free2026.01 | 85.8 | — | — | 91.51 | — | — | — | |
| CoOp + OursBackbone=ViT-B/16, Prompt=Soft prompts2024.03 | 85.71 | 77.4 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SimESteps=20, Backbone=CLIP ViT-B/16, Number of adapters=122026.03 | 85.67 | 76.61 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Coda-PromptMode=Class-incremental2026.05 | 85.36 | — | 4.41 | — | — | — | — | |
| MoE-AdaptersSteps=10 step2026.05 | 85.21 | 77.52 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CODA-PBackbone=ViT-B/162024.03 | 85.19 | 76.4 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| APER + AdapterBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN21K, Setting=Exemplar-free2026.01 | 85.15 | — | — | 90.65 | — | — | — | |
| PROOFBackbone=ViT-B/162024.03 | 84.84 | 76.55 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SCEESteps=20 step2026.05 | 84.83 | 76.7 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| L2PBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN1K2024.03 | 84.77 | 77.87 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| L2PMode=Class-incremental2026.05 | 84.52 | — | 4.06 | — | — | — | — | |
| Ours w/o VIBackbone=ViT-B/16, Probabilistic=false2024.03 | 84.36 | 76.8 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SCEESteps=50 step2026.05 | 84.21 | 76.22 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SimESteps=50, Backbone=CLIP ViT-B/16, Number of adapters=122026.03 | 84.16 | 73.88 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| LoRA-DRSMode=Class-incremental2026.05 | 84.02 | — | 2.16 | — | — | — | — | |
| MoE-AdaptersSteps=20 step2026.05 | 83.72 | 76.2 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MoE-AdaptersSteps=50 step2026.05 | 83.6 | 75.24 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Fine-TuningMode=Class-incremental2026.05 | 83.53 | — | 11.47 | — | — | — | — | |
| Dual-PromptMode=Class-incremental2026.05 | 83.09 | — | 4.02 | — | — | — | — | |
| Task-specific JOINTBackbone=ViT-B/16, Protocol=Joint Training2024.03 | 82.9 | 83.55 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MaPLeBackbone=ViT-B/162024.03 | 82.74 | 74.52 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SimpleCILBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN1K2024.03 | 82.31 | 76.21 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ZSCLSteps=10 step2026.05 | 82.15 | 73.65 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DualPromptBackbone=ViT-B/162024.03 | 82.11 | 74.31 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CODA-PromptBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN21K, Setting=Exemplar-free2026.01 | 81.96 | — | — | 89.11 | — | — | — | |
| SimpleCILBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN21K, Setting=Exemplar-free2026.01 | 81.26 | — | — | 87.57 | — | — | — | |
| CoOpBackbone=ViT-B/162024.03 | 81.17 | 70.58 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DualPromptBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN21K, Setting=Exemplar-free2026.01 | 81.15 | — | — | 87.87 | — | — | — | |
| ZSCLSteps=20 step2026.05 | 80.39 | 69.58 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Single-task JOINTBackbone=ViT-B/16, Protocol=Joint Training2024.03 | 80.28 | 81.08 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| L2PBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN21K, Setting=Exemplar-free2026.01 | 79.93 | — | — | 85.94 | — | — | — | |
| ZSCLSteps=50 step2026.05 | 79.92 | 67.36 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| iCaRLSteps=10, Backbone=CLIP ViT-B/162026.03 | 79.35 | 70.97 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| iCaRLSteps=10 step2026.05 | 79.35 | 70.97 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| AttriCLIPBackbone=ViT-B/162024.03 | 79.31 | 68.45 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| L2PBackbone=ViT-B/162024.03 | 78.92 | 70.04 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| LwF-VRSteps=10 step2026.05 | 78.81 | 70.75 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CLIP-AdapterBackbone=ViT-B/162024.03 | 78.75 | 68.32 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Continual-CLIPBackbone=ViT-B/162024.03 | 78.65 | 68.26 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Weight Space ConsolidationMemory Size (exemplars per class)=500, Ratio=100%2025.02 | 78.16 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FOSTERMemory Size (exemplars per class)=500, Ratio=100%2025.02 | 78.07 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| AttriCLIP + OursBackbone=ViT-B/16, Prompt=Instance-conditioned soft prompts2024.03 | 78.06 | 67.59 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Oracle w/ LingoCLB=50, C=102024.03 | 78 | 78 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Oracle w/ LingoCLB=50, C=52024.03 | 78 | 78 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Oracle w/ LingoCLB=50, C=22024.03 | 78 | 78 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Weight Space ConsolidationMemory Size (exemplars per class)=400, Ratio=80%2025.02 | 77.71 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Weight Space ConsolidationMemory Size (exemplars per class)=4002025.02 | 77.71 | — | — | — | — | — | — |