ResearchBenchmarksCiphertext Packing Efficiency Evaluation on vectors in Z4 96 length 2000 (random)Ciphertext Packing Efficiency Evaluation on vectors in Z4 96 length 2000 (random)Follow0.24Encryption Time (s)Combine 2-0.7966.19713.1920.183Dec 23, 2025Evaluation resultsMethodMethodLinksEncryption Time (s)Traffic Size (MB)Unpacking Time (s)DepthCombine 2composition=VecConcat,...composition=VecConcat, then CRTStack, and finally ImgConcat, CRTStack moduli=4, 5, 7, approximation polynomial degree=2102025.120.2426.0184.0413Combine 1composition=VecConcat...composition=VecConcat followed by ImgConcat2025.120.7478.0327.7523VecConcat2025.121.55156.0623.8524CKKS2025.1226.142,492.96—25