ResearchBenchmarksAir quality prediction (PM2.5) on Independent Ground Stations 2019 (val)Air quality prediction (PM2.5) on Independent Ground Stations 2019 (val)Follow27.1PM2.5 Prediction Error (24h)TopoFlow-109.736813.9071,737.552,661.193Feb 18, 2026Evaluation resultsMethodMethodLinksPM2.5 Prediction Error (24h)PM2.5 Prediction Error (12h)PM2.5 Prediction Error (48h)PM2.5 Prediction Error (96h)Average PM2.5 Prediction ErrorRelative Error Reduction (%)TopoFlow2026.0227.126.92829.928—ClimaX baselineTraining dataset=CAQRATraining dataset=CAQRA2026.0230.630.431.633.831.613Aurora2026.0231.233.235.141.135.226AirCastTraining dataset=CAQRATraining dataset=CAQRA2026.0231.731.532.83532.817CAMSRegion=ChinaRegion=China2026.0253.252.754.356.854.394CUACEType=Operational valuesType=Operational values2026.023,448———4146