AI-generated image detection on GenImage
99.54Midjourney Detection RateConv-B
Evaluation results
| Method | Links | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Conv-BTraining Subset=SDv1.42025.08 | 99.54 | 100 | 99.94 | 90.1 | 96.72 | 100 | 93.82 | 86.61 | 95.84 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MPFT (CLIP-ViT)training_subset=SDV1.42026.01 | 99.3 | 99.8 | 99.6 | 91.5 | 98.3 | 99.6 | 98.4 | 99 | 98.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| STAL2026.05 | 98.2 | 99.5 | 99.3 | 97.3 | 98 | 99.4 | 99.4 | 97.9 | 98.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| NPRTraining Subset=SDv1.42025.08 | 97.67 | 99.1 | 99.14 | 93.04 | 98.5 | 98.39 | 93.62 | 98.67 | 97.27 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| OmniDFAZero-shot=true2025.09 | 97.58 | 97.47 | 97.75 | 85.5 | 96.71 | 97.78 | 96.78 | 97.33 | 95.86 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| UnivFDTraining Subset=SDv1.42025.08 | 97.54 | 99.57 | 99.51 | 73.09 | 89.46 | 98.99 | 87.53 | 79.19 | 90.61 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| AlignedForensics2026.05 | 97.5 | 99.7 | 99.6 | 52.4 | 57.6 | 99.6 | 75 | 50.6 | 79 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DE-FAKETraining Subset=SDv1.42025.08 | 97.13 | 99.81 | 99.8 | 70.95 | 89.26 | 98.52 | 78.48 | 57.6 | 86.44 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DRCTTraining Subset=SDv1.42025.08 | 96.91 | 99.64 | 99.52 | 88.47 | 94.61 | 99.42 | 96.44 | 90.3 | 95.66 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SARETraining Subset=SDv1.42025.08 | 96.83 | 99.94 | 99.93 | 94.87 | 98 | 99.83 | 98.31 | 97.51 | 98.15 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DDA*2026.05 | 96.8 | 97.8 | 97.7 | 97 | 97.5 | 97.8 | 97.9 | 97 | 97.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Deep-VRM2026.06 | 96.16 | 99.65 | 99.42 | 89.82 | 99.08 | 99.44 | 97.29 | 98.5 | 97.42 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| VINA (140k+DDA)Type=V+I2026.05 | 96.11 | 99.89 | 99.85 | 76.23 | 94.65 | 99.83 | 94.98 | 96.38 | 94.74 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DDAType=I2026.05 | 96 | 98.57 | 98.53 | 88.03 | 86.13 | 98.61 | 71.83 | 74.11 | 88.98 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CoDARef=Ours2026.05 | 96 | — | — | 85.2 | 95.9 | 97.8 | 96.8 | 96.3 | 95.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 99.1 | — | — | — | 99 | — | — | 96.8 | 99.2 | 99.6 | 99.9 | 98.2 | |
| AIDETraining Subset=SDv1.42025.08 | 95.94 | 99.99 | 99.98 | 92.12 | 98.66 | 99.97 | 96.54 | 92.04 | 96.91 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DDA2026.05 | 95.6 | 98.7 | 98.6 | 89.5 | 89.6 | 98.7 | 76.5 | 86.5 | 91.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SAFETraining Set=SDv1.4, Ref Venue=KDD20252025.04 | 95.3 | 99.4 | 99.3 | 82.1 | 96.3 | 98.2 | 96.3 | 97.8 | — | 95.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SAFERef=KDD 2025 [55], Evaluation protocol=Reproduced2026.05 | 95.2 | — | — | 82.2 | 96.2 | 98.1 | 96.2 | 97.7 | 95.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 99.1 | — | — | — | 99 | — | — | 96.7 | 99.3 | 99.8 | 99.4 | 99.8 | |
| DCCT†Venue=N/A, Training Protocol=Trained exclusively on photographic images (Section B), Detection Paradigm=One-class Variant2026.01 | 95.16 | 84.11 | 83.99 | 81.65 | 93.19 | 86.89 | 87.37 | 94.48 | 88.36 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Ours/CLIPBackbone=CLIP, Training Set=SDv1.42025.04 | 94.8 | 98.5 | 98.3 | 94.7 | 96.1 | 98.6 | 98.5 | 98 | — | 97.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DRCTvariant=Conv-B2026.06 | 94.43 | 99.37 | 99.19 | 66.42 | 73.31 | 99.25 | 76.85 | 59.41 | 83.53 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| UniFDtraining_subset=SDV1.42026.01 | 93.9 | 96.4 | 96.2 | 71.9 | 85.4 | 94.3 | 81.6 | 90.5 | 88.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| UnivFDVenue=CVPR20232025.12 | 93.9 | 96.4 | 96.2 | 71.9 | 85.4 | 94.3 | 81.6 | 90.5 | 88.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| UnivFDTraining Set=SDv1.4, Ref Venue=CVPR20232025.04 | 93.9 | 96.4 | 96.2 | 71.9 | 85.4 | 94.3 | 81.6 | 90.5 | — | 88.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| VINA (140k+DDA, JPEG)Type=V+I2026.05 | 93.83 | 99.86 | 99.83 | 76.79 | 98.47 | 99.86 | 98.08 | 97.52 | 95.53 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FatFormertraining_subset=SDV1.42026.01 | 92.7 | 100 | 99.9 | 75.9 | 88 | 99.9 | 98.8 | 55.8 | 88.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FatFormerVenue=CVPR20242025.12 | 92.7 | 100 | 99.9 | 75.9 | 88 | 99.9 | 98.8 | 55.8 | 88.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FatFormerTraining Set=SDv1.4, Ref Venue=CVPR20242025.04 | 92.7 | 100 | 99.9 | 75.9 | 88 | 99.9 | 98.8 | 55.8 | — | 88.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FatFormerTraining Mode=Training-based2026.05 | 92.7 | 100 | 99.9 | 75.9 | 88 | 99.9 | 98.8 | 55.8 | 88.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SimLBRTraining Data=SD v1.42026.02 | 91.67 | — | 98.1 | 96.98 | 92.38 | 97.44 | 93.5 | 88 | 94.54 | — | 3.74 | 11.91 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| GramNetTraining Subset=SDv1.42025.08 | 91.54 | 99.56 | 99.49 | 69.87 | 83.52 | 98.1 | 78.4 | 39.36 | 82.48 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DRCTVenue=ICML’24, Training Protocol=SDv1.4, Detection Paradigm=Binary Classifier2026.01 | 91.5 | 95.01 | 94.41 | 79.42 | 89.18 | 94.67 | 90.03 | 81.67 | 89.49 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DRCTVenue=ICML20242025.12 | 91.5 | 95 | 94.4 | 79.4 | 89.2 | 94.7 | 90 | 81.7 | 89.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Random-mappingReference=Ours2025.12 | 91.5 | 89.5 | 92.3 | 88.2 | 91.4 | 90.5 | 93.3 | 90.1 | 90.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DRCTTraining Set=SDv1.4, Ref Venue=ICML20242025.04 | 91.5 | 95 | 94.4 | 79.4 | 89.1 | 94.6 | 90 | 81.6 | — | 89.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DRCTTraining Mode=Training-based2026.05 | 91.5 | 95 | 94.4 | 79.4 | 89.1 | 94.6 | 90 | 81.6 | 89.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| UnivFDVenue=CVPR’23, Training Protocol=SDv1.4, Detection Paradigm=Binary Classifier2026.01 | 91.46 | 96.41 | 96.14 | 58.07 | 73.4 | 94.53 | 67.83 | 57.72 | 79.45 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Ours/DINOv2Backbone=DINOv2, Training Set=SDv1.42025.04 | 90.4 | 98.2 | 97.7 | 91.8 | 96.3 | 98 | 97.7 | 96.2 | — | 95.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| OMAT2026.06 | 90.36 | 97.52 | 97.46 | 83.82 | 97.41 | 97.62 | 95.53 | 97.34 | 94.63 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| PatchCraftZero-shot=true2025.09 | 90.12 | 95.38 | 95.3 | 82.17 | 83.79 | 91.07 | 88.91 | 95.8 | 90.32 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| PatchCraftRef=arXiv 2023 [53], Evaluation protocol=Reproduced2026.05 | 89.7 | — | — | 81.6 | 83.5 | 90.9 | 88.2 | 91.5 | 86.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 96.4 | — | — | — | 96.2 | — | — | 93.3 | 93.8 | 97.4 | 95.9 | 97.8 | |
| FreqNettraining_subset=SDV1.42026.01 | 89.6 | 98.8 | 98.6 | 66.8 | 86.5 | 97.3 | 75.8 | 81.4 | 86.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FreqNetVenue=AAAI20242025.12 | 89.6 | 98.8 | 98.6 | 66.8 | 86.5 | 97.3 | 75.8 | 81.4 | 86.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| GenDetTraining Data=SD v1.42026.02 | 89.6 | — | 96.1 | 58 | 78.4 | 92.8 | 66.5 | 75 | 81.56 | — | 14.39 | 2.19 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FreqNetTraining Set=SDv1.4, Ref Venue=AAAI20242025.04 | 89.6 | 98.8 | 98.6 | 66.8 | 86.5 | 97.3 | 75.8 | 81.4 | — | 86.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| GenDetTraining Mode=Training-based2026.05 | 89.6 | 96.1 | 96.1 | 58 | 78.4 | 92.8 | 66.5 | 75 | 81.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| LIDAShot=10-shot2026.03 | 89.4 | 89.7 | 85.1 | 86.1 | 90.7 | 87.4 | 90.2 | 88.1 | 88.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| F-ConVTraining Mode=Training-based2026.05 | 89.3 | 98.8 | 98.5 | 74.9 | 89.3 | 95.6 | 86.7 | 87.6 | 90.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| B-FreeVenue=CVPR20252025.12 | 89 | 93.5 | 93.5 | 92.7 | 83.3 | 94.1 | 90.8 | 94.6 | 91.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CLIP-ViT (Base Model)training_subset=SDV1.42026.01 | 88.6 | 100 | 99.9 | 68 | 84.5 | 99.6 | 78.7 | 67.1 | 85.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| C2P-CLIPtraining_subset=SDV1.42026.01 | 88.2 | 90.9 | 97.9 | 96.4 | 99 | 98.8 | 96.5 | 98.7 | 95.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| C2P-CLIPVenue=AAAI20252025.12 | 88.2 | 90.9 | 97.9 | 96.4 | 99 | 98.8 | 96.5 | 98.7 | 95.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Fixed-mappingReference=Ours2025.12 | 88.2 | 91.9 | 92.1 | 90.7 | 89.2 | 91 | 92.2 | 88.9 | 90.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| C2P-CLIPBackbone=CLIP, Training Set=SDv1.4, Ref Venue=AAAI20252025.04 | 88.2 | 90.9 | 97.9 | 96.4 | 99 | 98.8 | 96.5 | 98.7 | — | 95.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| VIB-NetVenue=CVPR20252025.12 | 88.1 | 99.6 | 99.2 | 73.9 | 74.3 | 98.3 | 89.4 | 91.2 | 89.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CO-SPY (ProGAN)Type=I2026.05 | 86.98 | 85.4 | 85.58 | 78.79 | 91.26 | 80.28 | 84.86 | 93.57 | 85.84 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DRCTvariant=UniFD2026.06 | 85.82 | 92.33 | 91.87 | 75.18 | 87.44 | 92.23 | 89.12 | 87.38 | 87.67 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FGTSEvaluation protocol=Linear probe, Backbone=DINOv3-ViT-7B2025.11 | 85.7 | 98.1 | 92.9 | 90.7 | 92 | 93.6 | 93.5 | 94.4 | 92.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| LIDAShot=1-shot2026.03 | 85.4 | 85.6 | 84.5 | 86.5 | 89.1 | 87.2 | 88.1 | 86.8 | 86.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| LIDAShot=5-shot2026.03 | 84.8 | 83.7 | 85.8 | 85.7 | 88.8 | 89.4 | 88.8 | 87.2 | 86.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| LGradVenue=CVPR’23, Training Protocol=SDv1.4, Detection Paradigm=Binary Classifier2026.01 | 84.4 | 99.21 | 99.09 | 59.23 | 83.86 | 98.19 | 57.23 | 61.63 | 80.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| BreakingTraining Set=SDv1.4, Ref Venue=NIPS20242025.04 | 83.9 | 98.9 | 93 | 99.1 | 97.7 | 85.4 | 92.7 | 90.5 | — | 92.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Conv-BVenue=CVPR’22, Training Protocol=SDv1.4, Detection Paradigm=Binary Classifier2026.01 | 83.55 | 99.99 | 99.92 | 51.75 | 56.27 | 99.92 | 58.41 | 50 | 74.98 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MDMFTraining Mode=Training-based2026.05 | 83.5 | 99.4 | 99.2 | 79.4 | 92.4 | 97.6 | 89.7 | 86.6 | 91 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| EffortVenue=ICML20252025.12 | 82.4 | 99.8 | 99.8 | 78.7 | 93.3 | 97.4 | 91.7 | 77.6 | 91.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| EffortTraining Set=SDv1.4, Ref Venue=ICML20252025.04 | 82.4 | 99.8 | 99.8 | 78.7 | 93.3 | 97.4 | 91.7 | 77.6 | — | 91.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DRCT2026.05 | 82.4 | 88.3 | 88.2 | 76.9 | 86.1 | 87.9 | 85.4 | 87 | 84.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| AIGI-HolmesRef=ICCV 2025 [16], Evaluation protocol=API-based2026.05 | 81.6 | — | — | 91.5 | 88.4 | 89.5 | 90.9 | 94.5 | 93.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 94.6 | — | — | — | 87 | — | — | 96 | 93 | 95 | 96 | 98 | |
| NPRtraining_subset=SDV1.42026.01 | 81 | 98.2 | 97.9 | 76.9 | 89.8 | 96.9 | 84.1 | 84.2 | 88.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| NPRVenue=CVPR20242025.12 | 81 | 98.2 | 97.9 | 76.9 | 89.8 | 96.9 | 84.1 | 84.2 | 88.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| NPRTraining Set=SDv1.4, Ref Venue=CVPR20242025.04 | 81 | 98.2 | 97.9 | 76.9 | 89.8 | 96.9 | 84.1 | 84.2 | — | 88.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| NPRTraining Mode=Training-based2026.05 | 81 | 98.2 | 97.9 | 76.9 | 89.8 | 96.9 | 84.1 | 84.2 | 88.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| NPRVenue=CVPR’24, Training Protocol=SDv1.4, Detection Paradigm=Binary Classifier2026.01 | 80.94 | 99.7 | 99.51 | 60.27 | 77 | 98.41 | 54.53 | 63.03 | 79.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FSDShot=10-shot2026.03 | 80.9 | 88.8 | 88.8 | 79.2 | 97.1 | 88.8 | 76.2 | 82.2 | 84.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| WaveRepType=V2026.05 | 80.57 | 82.75 | 82.76 | 75.47 | 78.33 | 82.17 | 78.2 | 82.63 | 80.36 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DE-FAKEVenue=CCS’23, Training Protocol=SDv1.4, Detection Paradigm=Binary Classifier2026.01 | 79.88 | 98.65 | 98.62 | 71.57 | 78.05 | 98.42 | 78.31 | 74.37 | 84.73 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| AIDE2025.11 | 79.4 | 99.7 | 99.8 | 78.5 | 91.8 | 98.7 | 80.3 | 66.9 | 86.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| AIDEVenue=ICLR’25, Training Protocol=SDv1.4, Detection Paradigm=Binary Classifier2026.01 | 79.38 | 99.74 | 99.76 | 78.54 | 91.82 | 98.65 | 80.26 | 66.89 | 86.88 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| AIDETraining Data=SD v1.42026.02 | 79.38 | — | 99.76 | 78.54 | 91.82 | 98.65 | 80.26 | 66.89 | 86.88 | — | 12.33 | 2.99 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| AIDE2026.06 | 79.38 | 99.74 | 99.76 | 78.54 | 91.82 | 98.65 | 80.26 | 66.89 | 86.88 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| PatchCraft2025.11 | 79 | 89.5 | 89.3 | 77.3 | 78.4 | 89.3 | 83.7 | 72.4 | 82.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| PatchCraftTraining Data=SD v1.42026.02 | 79 | — | 89.3 | 77.3 | 78.4 | 89.3 | 83.7 | 72.4 | 82.3 | — | 6.56 | 4.29 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DIRETraining Subset=SDv1.42025.08 | 78.65 | 100 | 99.94 | 71.45 | 90.42 | 99.99 | 62.49 | 61.12 | 83.01 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| NPRZero-shot=true2025.09 | 77.85 | 78.63 | 78.89 | 69.69 | 78.36 | 76.61 | 78.13 | 84.35 | 77.81 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| NPRRef=CVPR 2024 [54], Evaluation protocol=Reproduced2026.05 | 77.8 | — | — | 69.7 | 78.4 | 76.1 | 78.1 | 80.1 | 77.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 83 | — | — | — | 85.4 | — | — | 74.6 | 85.7 | 80.5 | 81 | 88.2 | |
| NPRType=I2026.05 | 77.73 | 78.23 | 78.83 | 74.22 | 78.87 | 72.4 | 77.84 | 81.28 | 77.43 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| UnivFD2026.06 | 77.29 | 97.01 | 96.67 | 50.94 | 78.47 | 91.52 | 65.72 | 55.91 | 76.69 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| AIDERef=ICLR 2025 [15], Evaluation protocol=API-based2026.05 | 77.2 | — | — | 93.4 | 95.1 | 93.6 | 96.6 | 84 | 92.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 95.4 | — | — | — | 83 | — | — | 97 | 98 | 98 | 99 | 94 | |
| AIDEZero-shot=true2025.09 | 77.2 | 93 | 92.85 | 93.43 | 95.09 | 93.55 | 95.16 | 83.95 | 90.53 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| EffortType=I2026.05 | 76.17 | 87.77 | 87.61 | 70.88 | 80.82 | 86.81 | 82.62 | 75.43 | 81.01 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| LaRE2training_subset=SDV1.42026.01 | 74 | 100 | 99.9 | 61.7 | 88.5 | 100 | 97.2 | 68.7 | 86.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| LGradRef=CVPR 2023 [52], Evaluation protocol=Reproduced2026.05 | 73.7 | — | — | 51.8 | 49.8 | 73.1 | 52.1 | 40.5 | 61.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 62 | — | — | — | 77.5 | — | — | 51 | 50.5 | 75.4 | 51.5 | 30.2 | |
| UnivFD2025.11 | 73.2 | 84.2 | 84 | 55.2 | 76.9 | 75.6 | 56.9 | 80.3 | 73.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| UnivFDTraining Data=SD v1.42026.02 | 73.2 | — | 84 | 55.2 | 76.9 | 75.6 | 56.9 | 80.3 | 73.29 | — | 11.32 | 2.05 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| OjhaTraining Mode=Training-based2026.05 | 73.2 | 84.2 | 84 | 55.2 | 76.9 | 75.6 | 56.9 | 80.3 | 73.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FGTSEvaluation protocol=Training free, Backbone=DINOv3-ViT-7B2025.11 | 72.3 | 97.5 | 89.7 | 75.9 | 86.7 | 95.2 | 97.6 | 90.7 | 88.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CO-SPYType=I2026.05 | 69.87 | 93.03 | 92.9 | 58.15 | 81.06 | 91.03 | 71.96 | 64.22 | 77.78 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FreqNetRef=AAAI 2024 [11], Evaluation protocol=Reproduced2026.05 | 69.7 | — | — | 83.5 | 81.2 | 57.8 | 81.4 | 90.5 | 74.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 82.6 | — | — | — | 78.5 | — | — | 92 | 88.5 | 67 | 90 | 95 | |
| GramNet2026.06 | 63 | 94.19 | 94.22 | 48.69 | 46.19 | 93.79 | 49.2 | 44.71 | 66.75 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |