ResearchBenchmarksACOPF Optimization on 500-goc (test)Follow13.7Average Runtime (s)HH-MPNN-245.1921,502.3293,249.854,997.371Oct 8, 2025Evaluation ResultsMethodMethodLinksAverage Runtime (s)Average Speed-up FactorHH-MPNN2025.1013.7473IPOPT2025.106,486—