ResearchBenchmarks3D Linear Hardening Mechanics Simulation on Workpiece Problem3D Linear Hardening Mechanics Simulation on Workpiece ProblemFollow52.13Execution Time (s)FHGNN47.426879.1734110.92142.6666Feb 7, 2026Evaluation resultsMethodMethodLinksExecution Time (s)L2 Error (sigma_xx)L2 Error (sigma_yy)L2 Error (sigma_zz)L2 Error (epsilon_p_bar)MAE (sigma_xx)MAE (sigma_yy)MAE (sigma_zz)MAE (epsilon_p_bar)FHGNN2026.0252.130.00520.00860.0040.01770.00110.00030.00090PIMLP2026.0298.420.6492.60.550.8020.1610.1260.1640PIGCN2026.02169.711.134.540.8441.920.2610.1790.2020