Short-Term Electricity Demand Forecasting for New England: A Comprehensive Machine Learning Benchmark with Weather, Calendar, and COVID-19 Indicators
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Accurate short-term electricity demand forecasting is critical for reliable power system operation, energy market planning, and infrastructure optimization. This paper benchmarks ten machine learning models for daily electricity demand forecasting across the New England ISO (February 2020 - March 2023). The models span four families: tabular gradient-boosted trees (Random Forest, LightGBM, CatBoost, XGBoost), standalone neural architectures (LSTM, Transformer encoder), and hybrid Transformer+tree variants (Hybrid XGBoost, Hybrid LightGBM, Hybrid CatBoost, Hybrid RF). All models use meteorological data from six cities, calendar and holiday effects, autoregressive demand lags, and COVID-19 epidemiological variables. Hyperparameter optimization uses Optuna (300 trials, multivariate TPE, seed=42) under a leakage-free 70/15/15 chronological split. CatBoost achieves the best test performance: RMSE 8316 MWh, MAPE 1.87%, R-squared 0.917, followed by XGBoost (9066 MWh, R-squared 0.901), Hybrid CatBoost (9068 MWh, R-squared 0.901), and Hybrid XGBoost (9208 MWh, R-squared 0.898). Standalone neural architectures perform substantially worse (Transformer: 21294 MWh; LSTM: 22808 MWh), confirming the Transformer's role as a feature extractor rather than an end-to-end forecaster. An ablation on CatBoost shows that demand lags are the dominant predictor: removal degrades RMSE from 8316 to 11310 MWh (+36%), while weather and calendar features alone achieve an R-squared of 0.864. Removing COVID-19 features improves test RMSE by 1.7% while reducing training RMSE by 17.3%, a signature of temporal validity decay. SHAP analysis confirms this: 3 of 8 COVID features rank higher on the post-acute test set than during pandemic-active training, indicating the model over-applies stale pandemic patterns after behavioral adaptation was complete by August 2022.