This is the system card published alongside the OpenAI GPT-5 launch, August 2025.
GPT-5 is a unified system with a smart and fast model that answers most questions, a deeper reasoning model for harder problems, and a real-time router that quickly decides which model to use based on conversation type, complexity, tool needs, and explicit intent (for example, if you say 'think hard about this' in the prompt). The router is continuously trained on real signals, including when users switch models, preference rates for responses, and measured correctness, improving over time. Once usage limits are reached, a mini version of each model handles remaining queries.
This system card focuses primarily on gpt-5-thinking and gpt-5-main, while evaluations for other models are available in the appendix. The GPT-5 system not only outperforms previous models on benchmarks and answers questions more quickly, but -- more importantly -- is more useful for real-world queries. We've made significant advances in reducing hallucinations, improving instruction following, and minimizing sycophancy, and have leveled up GPT-5's performance in three of ChatGPT's most common uses: writing, coding, and health. All of the GPT-5 models additionally feature safe-completions, our latest approach to safety training to prevent disallowed content.
Similarly to ChatGPT agent, we have decided to treat gpt-5-thinking as High capability in the Biological and Chemical domain under our Preparedness Framework, activating the associated safeguards. While we do not have definitive evidence that this model could meaningfully help a novice to create severe biological harm -- our defined threshold for High capability -- we have chosen to take a precautionary approach.
Aaditya Singh, Adam Fry, Adam Perelman, Adam Tart, Adi Ganesh, Ahmed El-Kishky, Aidan McLaughlin, Aiden Low, AJ Ostrow, Akhila Ananthram, Akshay Nathan, Alan Luo, Alec Helyar, Aleksander Madry, Aleksandr Efremov, Aleksandra Spyra, Alex Baker-Whitcomb, Alex Beutel, Alex Karpenko, Alex Makelov, Alex Neitz, Alex Wei, Alexandra Barr, Alexandre Kirchmeyer, Alexey Ivanov, Alexi Christakis, Alistair Gillespie, Allison Tam, Ally Bennett, Alvin Wan, Alyssa Huang, Amy McDonald Sandjideh, Amy Yang, Ananya Kumar, Andre Saraiva, Andrea Vallone, Andrei Gheorghe, Andres Garcia Garcia, Andrew Braunstein, Andrew Liu, Andrew Schmidt, Andrey Mereskin, Andrey Mishchenko, Andy Applebaum, Andy Rogerson, Ann Rajan, Annie Wei, Anoop Kotha, Anubha Srivastava, Anushree Agrawal, Arun Vijayvergiya, Ashley Tyra, Ashvin Nair, Avi Nayak, Ben Eggers, Bessie Ji, Beth Hoover, Bill Chen, Blair Chen, Boaz Barak, Borys Minaiev, Botao Hao, Bowen Baker, Brad Lightcap, Brandon McKinzie, Brandon Wang, Brendan Quinn, Brian Fioca, Brian Hsu, Brian Yang, Brian Yu, Brian Zhang, Brittany Brenner, Callie Riggins Zetino, Cameron Raymond, Camillo Lugaresi, Carolina Paz, Cary Hudson, Cedric Whitney, Chak Li, Charles Chen, Charlotte Cole, Chelsea Voss, Chen Ding, Chen Shen, Chengdu Huang, Chris Colby, Chris Hallacy, Chris Koch, Chris Lu, Christina Kaplan, Christina Kim, CJ Minott-Henriques, Cliff Frey, Cody Yu, Coley Czarnecki, Colin Reid, Colin Wei, Cory Decareaux, Cristina Scheau, Cyril Zhang, Cyrus Forbes, Da Tang, Dakota Goldberg, Dan Roberts, Dana Palmie, Daniel Kappler, Daniel Levine, Daniel Wright, Dave Leo, David Lin, David Robinson, Declan Grabb, Derek Chen, Derek Lim, Derek Salama, Dibya Bhattacharjee, Dimitris Tsipras, Dinghua Li, Dingli Yu, DJ Strouse, Drew Williams, Dylan Hunn, Ed Bayes, Edwin Arbus, Ekin Akyurek, Elaine Ya Le, Elana Widmann, Eli Yani, Elizabeth Proehl, Enis Sert, Enoch Cheung, Eri Schwartz, Eric Han, Eric Jiang, Eric Mitchell, Eric Sigler, Eric Wallace, Erik Ritter, Erin Kavanaugh, Evan Mays, Evgenii Nikishin, Fangyuan Li, Felipe Petroski Such, Filipe de Avila Belbute Peres, Filippo Raso, Florent Bekerman, Foivos Tsimpourlas, Fotis Chantzis, Francis Song, Francis Zhang, Gaby Raila, Garrett McGrath, Gary Briggs, Gary Yang, Giambattista Parascandolo, Gildas Chabot, Grace Kim, Grace Zhao, Gregory Valiant, Guillaume Leclerc, Hadi Salman, Hanson Wang, Hao Sheng, Haoming Jiang, Haoyu Wang, Haozhun Jin, Harshit Sikchi, Heather Schmidt, Henry Aspegren, Honglin Chen, Huida Qiu, Hunter Lightman, Ian Covert, Ian Kivlichan, Ian Silber, Ian Sohl, Ibrahim Hammoud, Ignasi Clavera, Ikai Lan, Ilge Akkaya, Ilya Kostrikov, Irina Kofman, Isak Etinger, Ishaan Singal, Jackie Hehir, Jacob Huh, Jacqueline Pan, Jake Wilczynski, Jakub Pachocki, James Lee, James Quinn, Jamie Kiros, Janvi Kalra, Jasmyn Samaroo, Jason Wang, Jason Wolfe, Jay Chen, Jay Wang, Jean Harb, Jeffrey Han, Jeffrey Wang, Jennifer Zhao, Jeremy Chen, Jerene Yang, Jerry Tworek, Jesse Chand, Jessica Landon, Jessica Liang, Ji Lin, Jiancheng Liu, Jianfeng Wang, Jie Tang, Jihan Yin, Joanne Jang, Joel Morris, Joey Flynn, Johannes Ferstad, Johannes Heidecke, John Fishbein, John Hallman, Jonah Grant, Jonathan Chien, Jonathan Gordon, Jongsoo Park, Jordan Liss, Jos Kraaijeveld, Joseph Guay, Joseph Mo, Josh Lawson, Josh McGrath, Joshua Vendrow, Joy Jiao, Julian Lee, Julie Steele, Julie Wang, Junhua Mao, Kai Chen, Kai Hayashi, Kai Xiao, Kamyar Salahi, Kan Wu, Karan Sekhri, Karan Sharma, Karan Singhal, Karen Li, Kenny Nguyen, Keren Gu-Lemberg, Kevin King, Kevin Liu, Kevin Stone, Kevin Yu, Kristen Ying, Kristian Georgiev, Kristie Lim, Kushal Tirumala, Kyle Miller, Lama Ahmad, Larry Lv, Laura Clare, Laurance Fauconnet, Lauren Itow, Lauren Yang, Laurentia Romaniuk, Leah Anise, Lee Byron, Leher Pathak, Leon Maksin, Leyan Lo, Leyton Ho, Li Jing, Liang Wu, Liang Xiong, Lien Mamitsuka, Lin Yang, Lindsay McCallum, Lindsey Held, Liz Bourgeois, Logan Engstrom, Lorenz Kuhn, Louis Feuvrier, Lu Zhang, Lucas Switzer, Lukas Kondraciuk, Lukasz Kaiser, Manas Joglekar, Mandeep Singh, Mandip Shah, Manuka Stratta, Marcus Williams, Mark Chen, Mark Sun, Marselus Cayton, Martin Li, Marvin Zhang, Marwan Aljubeh, Matt Nichols, Matthew Haines, Max Schwarzer, Mayank Gupta, Meghan Shah, Melody Y. Guan, Melody Huang, Meng Dong, Mengqing Wang, Mia Glaese, Micah Carroll, Michael Lampe, Michael Malek, Michael Sharman, Michael Zhang, Michele Wang, Michelle Pokrass, Mihai Florian, Mikhail Pavlov, Miles Wang, Ming Chen, Mingxuan Wang, Minnia Feng, Mo Bavarian, Molly Lin, Moose Abdool, Mostafa Rohaninejad, Nacho Soto, Natalie Staudacher, Natan LaFontaine, Nathan Marwell, Nelson Liu, Nick Preston, Nick Turley, Nicklas Ansman, Nicole Blades, Nikil Pancha, Nikita Mikhaylin, Niko Felix, Nikunj Handa, Nishant Rai, Nitish Keskar, Noam Brown, Ofir Nachum, Oleg Boiko, Oleg Murk, Olivia Watkins, Oona Gleeson, Pamela Mishkin, Patryk Lesiewicz, Paul Baltescu, Pavel Belov, Peter Zhokhov, Philip Pronin, Phillip Guo, Phoebe Thacker, Qi Liu, Qiming Yuan, Qinghua Liu, Rachel Dias, Rachel Puckett, Rahul Arora, Ravi Teja Mullapudi, Raz Gaon, Reah Miyara, Rennie Song, Rishabh Aggarwal, RJ Marsan, Robel Yemiru, Robert Xiong, Rohan Kshirsagar, Rohan Nuttall, Roman Tsiupa, Ronen Eldan, Rose Wang, Roshan James, Roy Ziv, Rui Shu, Ruslan Nigmatullin, Saachi Jain, Saam Talaie, Sam Altman, Sam Arnesen, Sam Toizer, Sam Toyer, Samuel Miserendino, Sandhini Agarwal, Sarah Yoo, Savannah Heon, Scott Ethersmith, Sean Grove, Sean Taylor, Sebastien Bubeck, Sever Banesiu, Shaokyi Amdo, Shengjia Zhao, Sherwin Wu, Shibani Santurkar, Shiyu Zhao, Shraman Ray Chaudhuri, Shreyas Krishnaswamy, Shuaiqi (Tony) Xia, Shuyang Cheng, Shyamal Anadkat, Simón Posada Fishman, Simon Tobin, Siyuan Fu, Somay Jain, Song Mei, Sonya Egoian, Spencer Kim, Spug Golden, SQ Mah, Steph Lin, Stephen Imm, Steve Sharpe, Steve Yadlowsky, Sulman Choudhry, Sungwon Eum, Suvansh Sanjeev, Tabarak Khan, Tal Stramer, Tao Wang, Tao Xin, Tarun Gogineni, Taya Christianson, Ted Sanders, Tejal Patwardhan, Thomas Degry, Thomas Shadwell, Tianfu Fu, Tianshi Gao, Timur Garipov, Tina Sriskandarajah, Toki Sherbakov, Tomek Korbak, Tomer Kaftan, Tomo Hiratsuka, Tongzhou Wang, Tony Song, Tony Zhao, Troy Peterson, Val Kharitonov, Victoria Chernova, Vineet Kosaraju, Vishal Kuo, Vitchyr Pong, Vivek Verma, Vlad Petrov, Wanning Jiang, Weixing Zhang, Wenda Zhou, Wenlei Xie, Wenting Zhan, Wes McCabe, Will DePue, Will Ellsworth, Wulfie Bain, Wyatt Thompson, Xiangning Chen, Xiangyu Qi, Xin Xiang, Xinwei Shi, Yann Dubois, Yaodong Yu, Yara Khakbaz, Yifan Wu, Yilei Qian, Yin Tat Lee, Yinbo Chen, Yizhen Zhang, Yizhong Xiong, Yonglong Tian, Young Cha, Yu Bai, Yu Yang, Yuan Yuan, Yuanzhi Li, Yufeng Zhang, Yuguang Yang, Yujia Jin, Yun Jiang, Yunyun Wang, Yushi Wang, Yutian Liu, Zach Stubenvoll, Zehao Dou, Zheng Wu, Zhigang Wang · 2025