ResearchBenchmarksNumerical Optimization on Classical Fixed-Dimensional Benchmark F21, D4Follow-8.079Mean Log10 ErrorSVOA-8.43656-6.02303-3.6095-1.19597May 9, 2026Evaluation ResultsMethodMethodLinksMean Log10 ErrorSVOA2026.05-8.079PSO2026.05-6.449EO2026.05-2.857DVO2026.05-2.656GWO2026.05-2.594WOA2026.05-1.235AOA2026.05-0.415SCA2026.050.86