ResearchBenchmarksNumerical Optimization on Classical Fixed-Dimensional Benchmark F19 D3Follow-12Mean Log10 ErrorPSO-12.39468-9.73059-7.0665-4.40241May 9, 2026Evaluation ResultsMethodMethodLinksMean Log10 ErrorPSO2026.05-12EO2026.05-8.371DVO2026.05-7.034SVOA2026.05-5.199GWO2026.05-4.193AOA2026.05-2.505SCA2026.05-2.194WOA2026.05-2.133