ResearchBenchmarksNumerical Optimization on Classical Fixed-Dimensional Benchmark F15, D4Follow-6.724Mean Log10 ErrorGWO-6.86644-5.90497-4.9435-3.98203May 9, 2026Evaluation ResultsMethodMethodLinksMean Log10 ErrorGWO2026.05-6.724EO2026.05-6.661PSO2026.05-6.002SVOA2026.05-4.147WOA2026.05-4.026DVO2026.05-3.729AOA2026.05-3.463SCA2026.05-3.163