# Language Modeling on Shakespeare (i.i.d.)

Source: [Language Modeling on Shakespeare (i.i.d.)](<https://www.sota2.com/research/sota/language-modeling-on-shakespeare-i-i-d>)

Collection index: [llms.txt](<https://www.sota2.com/research/llms.txt>)

Data updated: 2026-02-26T06:06:15.104Z

Evaluation of language modeling performance using the i.i.d. split of the Shakespeare dataset.

A research result applies to its stated dataset, split, metric and evaluation configuration. Compare like-for-like settings, preserve the metric's unit and direction, and distinguish paper-reported results from independent reproduction. The best result recorded here is not a claim of exhaustive, current global coverage.

| Scope | Recorded value |
| --- | --- |
| Task | Language Modeling |
| Dataset (including any stated split) | Shakespeare (i.i.d.) |
| Metric | Test Error |
| Unit | PERCENT |
| Direction | Lower is better |
| Results loaded | 8 of 8 |
| Coverage | All results currently returned for this benchmark |

Evaluation settings may differ between results. The original papers and recorded configurations are needed to establish comparability. A shared metric name alone does not establish an identical protocol.

## Metrics

- [Test Error](<https://www.sota2.com/research/sota/language-modeling-on-shakespeare-i-i-d.md?metric=Test%20Error>): Lower is better; unit: PERCENT.

## Recorded results

| Method | Test Error | Result date | Report paper |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| FedEx | 44.52 | Not recorded | 68fa6b2a1e209131cea2c751 |
| FedEx | 46.08 | Not recorded | 68fa6b2a1e209131cea2c751 |
| SHA (server & client) | 46.77 | Not recorded | 68fa6b2a1e209131cea2c751 |
| SHA (server & client) | 47.38 | Not recorded | 68fa6b2a1e209131cea2c751 |
| FedEx | 53.94 | Not recorded | 68fa6b2a1e209131cea2c751 |
| FedEx | 54.9 | Not recorded | 68fa6b2a1e209131cea2c751 |
| RS (server & client) | 60.32 | Not recorded | 68fa6b2a1e209131cea2c751 |
| RS (server & client) | 61.1 | Not recorded | 68fa6b2a1e209131cea2c751 |

### FedEx

Test Error: 44.52. Result ID: 698e63caffc3901de09d319b.

[Reporting paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/68fa6b2a1e209131cea2c751.md>)

[Method origin paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/68fa6b2a1e209131cea2c751.md>)

[Implementation](<https://github.com/mkhodak/fedex>)

Recorded evaluation configuration: {"Wrapper method":"Successive Halving (SHA)","Target model":"global"}. This record does not assert independent reproduction.

### FedEx

Test Error: 46.08. Result ID: 698e63caffc3901de09d319d.

[Reporting paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/68fa6b2a1e209131cea2c751.md>)

[Method origin paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/68fa6b2a1e209131cea2c751.md>)

[Implementation](<https://github.com/mkhodak/fedex>)

Recorded evaluation configuration: {"Wrapper method":"Successive Halving (SHA)","Target model":"personalized"}. This record does not assert independent reproduction.

### SHA (server & client)

Test Error: 46.77. Result ID: 698e63caffc3901de09d319c.

[Reporting paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/68fa6b2a1e209131cea2c751.md>)

[Method origin paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/68fa647b1e209131cea04b80.md>)

Recorded evaluation configuration: {"Wrapper method":"Successive Halving (SHA)","Target model":"personalized"}. This record does not assert independent reproduction.

### SHA (server & client)

Test Error: 47.38. Result ID: 698e63caffc3901de09d319a.

[Reporting paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/68fa6b2a1e209131cea2c751.md>)

[Method origin paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/68fa647b1e209131cea04b80.md>)

Recorded evaluation configuration: {"Wrapper method":"Successive Halving (SHA)","Target model":"global"}. This record does not assert independent reproduction.

### FedEx

Test Error: 53.94. Result ID: 698e63caffc3901de09d3197.

[Reporting paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/68fa6b2a1e209131cea2c751.md>)

[Method origin paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/68fa6b2a1e209131cea2c751.md>)

[Implementation](<https://github.com/mkhodak/fedex>)

Recorded evaluation configuration: {"Wrapper method":"Random Search (RS)","Target model":"global"}. This record does not assert independent reproduction.

### FedEx

Test Error: 54.9. Result ID: 698e63caffc3901de09d3199.

[Reporting paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/68fa6b2a1e209131cea2c751.md>)

[Method origin paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/68fa6b2a1e209131cea2c751.md>)

[Implementation](<https://github.com/mkhodak/fedex>)

Recorded evaluation configuration: {"Wrapper method":"Random Search (RS)","Target model":"personalized"}. This record does not assert independent reproduction.

### RS (server & client)

Test Error: 60.32. Result ID: 698e63caffc3901de09d3196.

[Reporting paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/68fa6b2a1e209131cea2c751.md>)

Recorded evaluation configuration: {"Wrapper method":"Random Search (RS)","Target model":"global"}. This record does not assert independent reproduction.

### RS (server & client)

Test Error: 61.1. Result ID: 698e63caffc3901de09d3198.

[Reporting paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/68fa6b2a1e209131cea2c751.md>)

Recorded evaluation configuration: {"Wrapper method":"Random Search (RS)","Target model":"personalized"}. This record does not assert independent reproduction.

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