# Image Watermarking on MS-COCO

Source: [Image Watermarking on MS-COCO](<https://www.sota2.com/research/sota/image-watermarking-on-ms-coco>)

Collection index: [llms.txt](<https://www.sota2.com/research/llms.txt>)

Data updated: 2026-03-24T12:48:48.203Z

Evaluation of Image Watermarking algorithms on the MS-COCO dataset, focusing on perceptual quality metrics (PSNR, SSIM, LPIPS) and robustness against various attacks (e.g., rotation, compression, noise).

A research result applies to its stated dataset, split, metric and evaluation configuration. Compare like-for-like settings, preserve the metric's unit and direction, and distinguish paper-reported results from independent reproduction. The best result recorded here is not a claim of exhaustive, current global coverage.

| Scope | Recorded value |
| --- | --- |
| Task | Image Watermarking |
| Dataset (including any stated split) | MS-COCO |
| Metric | PSNR |
| Unit | SCALAR |
| Direction | Higher is better |
| Results loaded | 35 of 35 |
| Coverage | All results currently returned for this benchmark |

Evaluation settings may differ between results. The original papers and recorded configurations are needed to establish comparability. A shared metric name alone does not establish an identical protocol.

## Metrics

- [PSNR](<https://www.sota2.com/research/sota/image-watermarking-on-ms-coco.md?metric=PSNR>): Higher is better; unit: SCALAR.

- [SSIM](<https://www.sota2.com/research/sota/image-watermarking-on-ms-coco.md?metric=SSIM>): Higher is better; unit: SCALAR.

- [LPIPS](<https://www.sota2.com/research/sota/image-watermarking-on-ms-coco.md?metric=LPIPS>): Lower is better; unit: SCALAR.

- [Robustness (Baseline)](<https://www.sota2.com/research/sota/image-watermarking-on-ms-coco.md?metric=Robustness%20(Baseline)>): Higher is better; unit: SCALAR.

- [Robustness (Rotation)](<https://www.sota2.com/research/sota/image-watermarking-on-ms-coco.md?metric=Robustness%20(Rotation)>): Higher is better; unit: SCALAR.

- [Robustness (JPEG Compression)](<https://www.sota2.com/research/sota/image-watermarking-on-ms-coco.md?metric=Robustness%20(JPEG%20Compression)>): Higher is better; unit: SCALAR.

- [Robustness (Blur)](<https://www.sota2.com/research/sota/image-watermarking-on-ms-coco.md?metric=Robustness%20(Blur)>): Higher is better; unit: SCALAR.

- [Robustness (Contrast)](<https://www.sota2.com/research/sota/image-watermarking-on-ms-coco.md?metric=Robustness%20(Contrast)>): Higher is better; unit: SCALAR.

- [Robustness (Noise)](<https://www.sota2.com/research/sota/image-watermarking-on-ms-coco.md?metric=Robustness%20(Noise)>): Higher is better; unit: SCALAR.

- [Robustness (Cheng20 Attack)](<https://www.sota2.com/research/sota/image-watermarking-on-ms-coco.md?metric=Robustness%20(Cheng20%20Attack)>): Lower is better; unit: SCALAR.

- [Robustness (Brightness)](<https://www.sota2.com/research/sota/image-watermarking-on-ms-coco.md?metric=Robustness%20(Brightness)>): Higher is better; unit: SCALAR.

- [Robustness (Bmshj18 Attack)](<https://www.sota2.com/research/sota/image-watermarking-on-ms-coco.md?metric=Robustness%20(Bmshj18%20Attack)>): Lower is better; unit: SCALAR.

- [Robustness (Erase)](<https://www.sota2.com/research/sota/image-watermarking-on-ms-coco.md?metric=Robustness%20(Erase)>): Higher is better; unit: SCALAR.

- [Robustness (Random Crop)](<https://www.sota2.com/research/sota/image-watermarking-on-ms-coco.md?metric=Robustness%20(Random%20Crop)>): Higher is better; unit: SCALAR.

- [Robustness (Regen-VAE)](<https://www.sota2.com/research/sota/image-watermarking-on-ms-coco.md?metric=Robustness%20(Regen-VAE)>): Higher is better; unit: SCALAR.

- [Robustness (Regen-Diff)](<https://www.sota2.com/research/sota/image-watermarking-on-ms-coco.md?metric=Robustness%20(Regen-Diff)>): Higher is better; unit: SCALAR.

- [Robustness (Rinse-2Xdiff)](<https://www.sota2.com/research/sota/image-watermarking-on-ms-coco.md?metric=Robustness%20(Rinse-2Xdiff)>): Higher is better; unit: SCALAR.

- [Robustness (Adv-KLVAE8)](<https://www.sota2.com/research/sota/image-watermarking-on-ms-coco.md?metric=Robustness%20(Adv-KLVAE8)>): Higher is better; unit: SCALAR.

- [Robustness (Adv-RN18)](<https://www.sota2.com/research/sota/image-watermarking-on-ms-coco.md?metric=Robustness%20(Adv-RN18)>): Higher is better; unit: SCALAR.

- [Average Robustness](<https://www.sota2.com/research/sota/image-watermarking-on-ms-coco.md?metric=Average%20Robustness>): Higher is better; unit: SCALAR.

- [Bit Accuracy (Clean)](<https://www.sota2.com/research/sota/image-watermarking-on-ms-coco.md?metric=Bit%20Accuracy%20(Clean)>): Higher is better; unit: PERCENT.

- [TPR @ 1% FPR (Clean)](<https://www.sota2.com/research/sota/image-watermarking-on-ms-coco.md?metric=TPR%20%40%201%25%20FPR%20(Clean)>): Higher is better; unit: PERCENT.

- [TPR @ 0.1% FPR (Clean)](<https://www.sota2.com/research/sota/image-watermarking-on-ms-coco.md?metric=TPR%20%40%200.1%25%20FPR%20(Clean)>): Higher is better; unit: PERCENT.

- [FID](<https://www.sota2.com/research/sota/image-watermarking-on-ms-coco.md?metric=FID>): Lower is better; unit: SCALAR.

- [CLIP-FID](<https://www.sota2.com/research/sota/image-watermarking-on-ms-coco.md?metric=CLIP-FID>): Lower is better; unit: SCALAR.

## Recorded results

| Method | PSNR | Result date | Report paper |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| SSL | 41.81 | Not recorded | 69438a67423ea422657292c1 |
| CIN | 41.77 | Not recorded | 69438a67423ea422657292c1 |
| RivaGAN | 40.57 | Not recorded | 69438a67423ea422657292c1 |
| AdvMark | 38.9 | Not recorded | 699d30b26017c4460ffab6ea |
| AdvMark | 38.4 | Not recorded | 699d30b26017c4460ffab6ea |
| DwtDctSvd | 38.06 | Not recorded | 69438a67423ea422657292c1 |
| DwtDct | 37.88 | Not recorded | 69438a67423ea422657292c1 |
| AdvMark | 37.2 | Not recorded | 699d30b26017c4460ffab6ea |
| AdvMark | 37 | Not recorded | 699d30b26017c4460ffab6ea |
| EditGuard | 36.3 | Not recorded | 699d30b26017c4460ffab6ea |
| MELB | 36.07 | Not recorded | 69438a67423ea422657292c1 |
| DwtDctSvd | 35.8 | Not recorded | 699d30b26017c4460ffab6ea |
| PIMoG | 35.8 | Not recorded | 699d30b26017c4460ffab6ea |
| VINE | 35.5 | Not recorded | 699d30b26017c4460ffab6ea |
| DADW | 33.4 | Not recorded | 699d30b26017c4460ffab6ea |
| MBRS | 32.1 | Not recorded | 699d30b26017c4460ffab6ea |
| Stable Signature | 30.5 | Not recorded | 699d30b26017c4460ffab6ea |
| HiDDeN | 30.3 | Not recorded | 699d30b26017c4460ffab6ea |
| StegaStamp | 29.8 | Not recorded | 699d30b26017c4460ffab6ea |
| ZoDiac | 29.41 | Not recorded | 69438a67423ea422657292c1 |
| StegaStamp | 28.64 | Not recorded | 69438a67423ea422657292c1 |
| AquaLoRA | 17.49 | Not recorded | 69c21a880636e5bf4afc480c |
| Stable Signature | 12.96 | Not recorded | 69c21a880636e5bf4afc480c |
| Tree-Ring | 8.98 | Not recorded | 69c21a880636e5bf4afc480c |
| DiffMark | 8.91 | Not recorded | 69c21a880636e5bf4afc480c |
| Shallow Diffuse | 8.89 | Not recorded | 69c21a880636e5bf4afc480c |
| StegaStamp | 8.79 | Not recorded | 69c21a880636e5bf4afc480c |
| RingID | 8.66 | Not recorded | 69c21a880636e5bf4afc480c |

### SSL

PSNR: 41.81. Result ID: 69983aaa5698665ec4969a41.

[Reporting paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/69438a67423ea422657292c1.md>)

[Method origin paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/68fa6c0e1e209131cea31bf6.md>)

Recorded evaluation configuration: Not recorded. This record does not assert independent reproduction.

### CIN

PSNR: 41.77. Result ID: 69983aaa5698665ec4969a42.

[Reporting paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/69438a67423ea422657292c1.md>)

[Method origin paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/68fa6e4a1e209131cea3f05d.md>)

Recorded evaluation configuration: Not recorded. This record does not assert independent reproduction.

### RivaGAN

PSNR: 40.57. Result ID: 69983aaa5698665ec4969a40.

[Reporting paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/69438a67423ea422657292c1.md>)

[Method origin paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/68fa66581e209131cea0faaa.md>)

Recorded evaluation configuration: Not recorded. This record does not assert independent reproduction.

### AdvMark

PSNR: 38.9. Result ID: 699e5b915698665ec41c9799.

[Reporting paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/699d30b26017c4460ffab6ea.md>)

[Method origin paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/699d30b26017c4460ffab6ea.md>)

Recorded evaluation configuration: {"Image Size":"256 × 256","n":"100"}. This record does not assert independent reproduction.

### AdvMark

PSNR: 38.4. Result ID: 699e5b915698665ec41c9798.

[Reporting paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/699d30b26017c4460ffab6ea.md>)

[Method origin paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/699d30b26017c4460ffab6ea.md>)

Recorded evaluation configuration: {"Image Size":"256 × 256","n":"64"}. This record does not assert independent reproduction.

### DwtDctSvd

PSNR: 38.06. Result ID: 69983aaa5698665ec4969a3f.

[Reporting paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/69438a67423ea422657292c1.md>)

Recorded evaluation configuration: Not recorded. This record does not assert independent reproduction.

### DwtDct

PSNR: 37.88. Result ID: 69983aaa5698665ec4969a3e.

[Reporting paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/69438a67423ea422657292c1.md>)

Recorded evaluation configuration: Not recorded. This record does not assert independent reproduction.

### AdvMark

PSNR: 37.2. Result ID: 699e5b915698665ec41c9797.

[Reporting paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/699d30b26017c4460ffab6ea.md>)

[Method origin paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/699d30b26017c4460ffab6ea.md>)

Recorded evaluation configuration: {"Image Size":"128 × 128","n":"48"}. This record does not assert independent reproduction.

### AdvMark

PSNR: 37. Result ID: 699e5b915698665ec41c9796.

[Reporting paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/699d30b26017c4460ffab6ea.md>)

[Method origin paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/699d30b26017c4460ffab6ea.md>)

Recorded evaluation configuration: {"Image Size":"128 × 128","n":"30"}. This record does not assert independent reproduction.

### EditGuard

PSNR: 36.3. Result ID: 699e5b915698665ec41c9794.

[Reporting paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/699d30b26017c4460ffab6ea.md>)

[Method origin paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/68fa71721e209131cea514c8.md>)

Recorded evaluation configuration: {"Image Size":"256 × 256","n":"64"}. This record does not assert independent reproduction.

### MELB

PSNR: 36.07. Result ID: 69983aaa5698665ec4969a3d.

[Reporting paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/69438a67423ea422657292c1.md>)

[Method origin paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/69438a67423ea422657292c1.md>)

Recorded evaluation configuration: Not recorded. This record does not assert independent reproduction.

### DwtDctSvd

PSNR: 35.8. Result ID: 699e5b915698665ec41c978d.

[Reporting paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/699d30b26017c4460ffab6ea.md>)

Recorded evaluation configuration: {"Image Size":"256 × 256","n":"30"}. This record does not assert independent reproduction.

### PIMoG

PSNR: 35.8. Result ID: 699e5b915698665ec41c9791.

[Reporting paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/699d30b26017c4460ffab6ea.md>)

Recorded evaluation configuration: {"Image Size":"128 × 128","n":"30"}. This record does not assert independent reproduction.

### VINE

PSNR: 35.5. Result ID: 699e5b915698665ec41c9795.

[Reporting paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/699d30b26017c4460ffab6ea.md>)

[Method origin paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/68fa777c1e209131cea737e8.md>)

Recorded evaluation configuration: {"Image Size":"256 × 256","n":"100"}. This record does not assert independent reproduction.

### DADW

PSNR: 33.4. Result ID: 699e5b915698665ec41c9792.

[Reporting paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/699d30b26017c4460ffab6ea.md>)

[Method origin paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/68fa66ed1e209131cea13442.md>)

Recorded evaluation configuration: {"Image Size":"128 × 128","n":"30"}. This record does not assert independent reproduction.

### MBRS

PSNR: 32.1. Result ID: 699e5b915698665ec41c978f.

[Reporting paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/699d30b26017c4460ffab6ea.md>)

[Method origin paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/68fa6a8e1e209131cea28cd6.md>)

Recorded evaluation configuration: {"Image Size":"128 × 128","n":"30"}. This record does not assert independent reproduction.

### Stable Signature

PSNR: 30.5. Result ID: 699e5b915698665ec41c9790.

[Reporting paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/699d30b26017c4460ffab6ea.md>)

[Method origin paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/68fa70271e209131cea496f1.md>)

Recorded evaluation configuration: {"Image Size":"128 × 128","n":"48"}. This record does not assert independent reproduction.

### HiDDeN

PSNR: 30.3. Result ID: 699e5b915698665ec41c978e.

[Reporting paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/699d30b26017c4460ffab6ea.md>)

[Method origin paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/68fa649c1e209131cea05883.md>)

Recorded evaluation configuration: {"Image Size":"128 × 128","n":"30"}. This record does not assert independent reproduction.

### StegaStamp

PSNR: 29.8. Result ID: 699e5b915698665ec41c9793.

[Reporting paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/699d30b26017c4460ffab6ea.md>)

[Method origin paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/68fa67411e209131cea1548a.md>)

Recorded evaluation configuration: {"Image Size":"256 × 256","n":"64"}. This record does not assert independent reproduction.

### ZoDiac

PSNR: 29.41. Result ID: 69983aaa5698665ec4969a44.

[Reporting paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/69438a67423ea422657292c1.md>)

[Method origin paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/68fa756e1e209131cea67d88.md>)

[Implementation](<https://github.com/zhanglijun95/ZoDiac>)

Recorded evaluation configuration: Not recorded. This record does not assert independent reproduction.

### StegaStamp

PSNR: 28.64. Result ID: 69983aaa5698665ec4969a43.

[Reporting paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/69438a67423ea422657292c1.md>)

[Method origin paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/68fa67411e209131cea1548a.md>)

Recorded evaluation configuration: Not recorded. This record does not assert independent reproduction.

### AquaLoRA

PSNR: 17.49. Result ID: 69c2882647f34ce924aa974c.

[Reporting paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/69c21a880636e5bf4afc480c.md>)

[Method origin paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/68fa73471e209131cea5b835.md>)

Recorded evaluation configuration: {"Type":"Fine-tuning","Plug&Play":false,"Multi-bit":"48 bits"}. This record does not assert independent reproduction.

### Stable Signature

PSNR: 12.96. Result ID: 69c2882647f34ce924aa974b.

[Reporting paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/69c21a880636e5bf4afc480c.md>)

[Method origin paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/68fa70271e209131cea496f1.md>)

Recorded evaluation configuration: {"Type":"Fine-tuning","Plug&Play":false,"Multi-bit":"48 bits"}. This record does not assert independent reproduction.

### Tree-Ring

PSNR: 8.98. Result ID: 69c2882647f34ce924aa974d.

[Reporting paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/69c21a880636e5bf4afc480c.md>)

[Method origin paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/68fa70001e209131cea4872a.md>)

Recorded evaluation configuration: {"Type":"Sampling","Plug&Play":true,"Multi-bit":"0 bit"}. This record does not assert independent reproduction.

### DiffMark

PSNR: 8.91. Result ID: 69c2882647f34ce924aa9750.

[Reporting paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/69c21a880636e5bf4afc480c.md>)

[Method origin paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/69c21a880636e5bf4afc480c.md>)

Recorded evaluation configuration: {"Type":"Sampling","Plug&Play":true,"Multi-bit":"64 bits"}. This record does not assert independent reproduction.

### Shallow Diffuse

PSNR: 8.89. Result ID: 69c2882647f34ce924aa974f.

[Reporting paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/69c21a880636e5bf4afc480c.md>)

[Method origin paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/68fa791c1e209131cea7c2c1.md>)

Recorded evaluation configuration: {"Type":"Sampling","Plug&Play":true,"Multi-bit":"0 bit"}. This record does not assert independent reproduction.

### StegaStamp

PSNR: 8.79. Result ID: 69c2882647f34ce924aa974a.

[Reporting paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/69c21a880636e5bf4afc480c.md>)

[Method origin paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/68fa67411e209131cea1548a.md>)

Recorded evaluation configuration: {"Type":"Post Generation","Plug&Play":false,"Multi-bit":"100 bits"}. This record does not assert independent reproduction.

### RingID

PSNR: 8.66. Result ID: 69c2882647f34ce924aa974e.

[Reporting paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/69c21a880636e5bf4afc480c.md>)

[Method origin paper](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/68fa74251e209131cea5ff85.md>)

Recorded evaluation configuration: {"Type":"Sampling","Plug&Play":true,"Multi-bit":"11 bits"}. This record does not assert independent reproduction.

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