# Hierarchical Framework of Runaway Electrons using Deep Learning

Source: [Hierarchical Framework of Runaway Electrons using Deep Learning](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/6a2b926bd33dfb23e783aeb8>)

Collection index: [llms.txt](<https://www.sota2.com/research/llms.txt>)

Data updated: 2026-06-13T05:00:05.486Z

Authors: Tyler Mark, Christopher McDevitt

Published: 2026-06-10T18:18:56.000Z

## Abstract

We present an adjoint deep learning framework describing the evolution of fluid moments and the energy distribution of the runaway electron (RE) population. We demonstrate that a careful formulation of the adjoint problem allows for the temporal evolution of these quantities for arbitrary initial electron distributions, and in combination with a physics-informed neural network (PINN), we show that the resulting surrogates can resolve a broad range of plasma parameters. This combination of the adjoint formulation and rapid inference of neural networks enables orders of magnitude faster predictions of RE kinetics than traditional methods. Here, we detail the mathematical formulation and the design of three PINNs which recover the temporal evolution of the RE current, average energy and energy distribution. Predictions are validated against a traditional RE solver, with good agreement across a broad range of scenarios.

## Recorded benchmark results

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## Original sources and implementation

[Original paper](<https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.12567>)

[PDF](<https://arxiv.org/pdf/2606.12567.pdf>)