# Dynamic Cyber Ranges Source: [Dynamic Cyber Ranges]() Collection index: [llms.txt]() Data updated: 2026-04-29T05:00:12.215Z Authors: V\\'ictor Mayoral-Vilches, Mar\\'ia Sanz-G\\'omez, Francesco Balassone, Maite Del Mundo De Torres, George Nicolaou, Samuel Rodriguez Borines, Almerindo Graziano, Paul Zabalegui, Endika Gil-Uriarte Published: 2026-04-27T08:44:30.000Z ## Abstract As LLM-driven agents advance in cybersecurity, Jeopardy CTF benchmarks are approaching saturation and cyber ranges, the natural next evaluation frontier, offer diminishing resistance under their current static design. We validate this observation by deploying an LLM-driven Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) agent across three tiers of increasingly realistic infrastructure (PRO Labs, MHBench, military-grade CYBER RANGES). To counteract this trend, we propose Dynamic Cyber Ranges: cyber range environments augmented with LLM-driven Defender agents that harden infrastructure, monitor for intrusions, and respond in real time. Across evaluated scenarios, Defender agents reduce attacker success to 0-55%, achieving complete prevention on multiple configurations. Since attacker and defender agents draw from the same underlying model capabilities, Dynamic Cyber Ranges preserve evaluation headroom as models improve. Notably, a smaller, specialized on-premise model (alias2-mini) matched the frontier model's defensive outcomes on multiple scenarios under identical, untuned prompts, and detected the attacker 10x faster on a complex enterprise scenario, suggesting that privacy-preserving on-premise models can serve as competent defenders against frontier-class attackers. The experiments further surface emergent agent behaviors, including scope expansion and prompt exfiltration, with implications for AI benchmark integrity and agentic system design. ## Recorded benchmark results A research result applies to its stated dataset, split, metric and evaluation configuration. Compare like-for-like settings, preserve the metric's unit and direction, and distinguish paper-reported results from independent reproduction. The best result recorded here is not a claim of exhaustive, current global coverage. - [Cyberattack Simulation on CYBER RANGES Scenario A (Enterprise Network)](): Cyberattack Simulation; CYBER RANGES Scenario A (Enterprise Network); Hosts Compromised: 6. - [Cyberattack Simulation on CYBER RANGES Scenario B (Military, Critical Infra.)](): Cyberattack Simulation; CYBER RANGES Scenario B (Military, Critical Infra.); Hosts Compromised Count: 0. - [Cybersecurity Penetration Testing on Hack The Box PRO Labs - Dante](): Cybersecurity Penetration Testing; Hack The Box PRO Labs - Dante; Flags Captured: 1. - [Cybersecurity Penetration Testing on Hack The Box PRO Labs - P.O.O.](): Cybersecurity Penetration Testing; Hack The Box PRO Labs - P.O.O.; Flags Captured: not recorded. ## Original sources and implementation [Original paper]() [PDF]()