# Simulating the spatial distributions of gas- and ice-phase molecules in galaxies: a new method and preliminary results

Source: [Simulating the spatial distributions of gas- and ice-phase molecules in galaxies: a new method and preliminary results](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/6940e7ac456146936284f90b>)

Collection index: [llms.txt](<https://www.sota2.com/research/llms.txt>)

Data updated: 2025-12-17T05:04:46.379Z

Authors: K. Bekki, K. Furuya, T. Shimonishi

Published: 2025-12-15T09:16:50.000Z

## Abstract

Recent observations have revealed significant variations in the abundances of gas- and ice-phase molecules in galaxies with different luminosities and types. In order to discuss the physical origins of these variations, we incorporate gas- and dust-phase interstellar chemistry into galaxy-scale simulations with various baryonic physics including dust formation, evolution, and destruction, all of which are essential for the calculations of 400 interstellar molecule species. The new simulations can accordingly predict the abundances of gas- and ice-phase molecular species such as H\_2O and CO\_2 ice within individual molecular gas cloud of galaxies based on gas density and temperature, dust temperature (T\_dust), elemental abundances (e.g., CHNOPS), UV radiation strength (F\_UV), and cosmic ray ionisation rate (zeta\_CR) within the clouds. Since this is the first of the series of papers, we describe the details of the new simulations and present the preliminary results focused on the spatial distributions of H\_2O, CO, CO\_2, and CH\_3OH ice species in a disk galaxy similar to the Milky Way. We particularly discuss how T\_dust and gas-phase elemental abundances can control the spatial distributions of the above molecules in galaxies. We briefly discuss the total amount of H\_2O and CO\_2 ices and radial distributions of PN and PO molecules in the Galaxy.

## Recorded benchmark results

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## Original sources and implementation

[Original paper](<https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.13117>)

[PDF](<https://arxiv.org/pdf/2512.13117.pdf>)