# Pathways of Thoughts: Multi-Directional Thinking for Long-form Personalized Question Answering Source: [Pathways of Thoughts: Multi-Directional Thinking for Long-form Personalized Question Answering]() Collection index: [llms.txt]() Data updated: 2026-01-23T05:00:04.919Z Authors: Alireza Salemi, Cheng Li, Mingyang Zhang, Qiaozhu Mei, Zhuowan Li, Spurthi Amba Hombaiah, Weize Kong, Tao Chen, Hamed Zamani, Michael Bendersky Published: 2025-09-23T14:44:46.000Z ## Abstract Personalization is well studied in search and recommendation, but personalized question answering remains underexplored due to challenges in inferring preferences from long, noisy, implicit contexts and generating responses that are both accurate and aligned with user expectations. To address this, we propose Pathways of Thoughts (PoT), an inference-stage method that applies to any large language model (LLM) without task-specific fine-tuning. PoT models the thinking as an iterative decision process, where the model dynamically selects among cognitive operations such as reasoning, revision, personalization, and clarification. This enables exploration of multiple reasoning trajectories, producing diverse candidate responses that capture different perspectives. PoT then aggregates and reweights these candidates according to inferred user preferences, yielding a final personalized response that benefits from the complementary strengths of diverse reasoning paths. Experiments on the LaMP-QA benchmark show that PoT consistently outperforms competitive baselines, achieving up to a 10.8\\% relative improvement. Human evaluation further validates these improvements, with annotators preferring PoT in 66\\% of cases compared to the best-performing baseline and reporting ties in 15\\% of cases. ## Recorded benchmark results A research result applies to its stated dataset, split, metric and evaluation configuration. Compare like-for-like settings, preserve the metric's unit and direction, and distinguish paper-reported results from independent reproduction. The best result recorded here is not a claim of exhaustive, current global coverage. ## Original sources and implementation [Original paper]() [PDF]()