# EnergyFormer: Energy Attention with Fourier Embedding for Hyperspectral Image Classification Source: [EnergyFormer: Energy Attention with Fourier Embedding for Hyperspectral Image Classification]() Collection index: [llms.txt]() Data updated: 2025-10-27T06:59:41.376Z Authors: Saad Sohail, Muhammad Usama, Usman Ghous, Manuel Mazzara, Salvatore Distefano, Muhammad Ahmad Published: 2025-03-11T10:03:35.000Z ## Abstract Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) provides rich spectral-spatial information across hundreds of contiguous bands, enabling precise material discrimination in applications such as environmental monitoring, agriculture, and urban analysis. However, the high dimensionality and spectral variability of HSI data pose significant challenges for feature extraction and classification. This paper presents EnergyFormer, a transformer-based framework designed to address these challenges through three key innovations: (1) Multi-Head Energy Attention (MHEA), which optimizes an energy function to selectively enhance critical spectral-spatial features, improving feature discrimination; (2) Fourier Position Embedding (FoPE), which adaptively encodes spectral and spatial dependencies to reinforce long-range interactions; and (3) Enhanced Convolutional Block Attention Module (ECBAM), which selectively amplifies informative wavelength bands and spatial structures, enhancing representation learning. Extensive experiments on the WHU-Hi-HanChuan, Salinas, and Pavia University datasets demonstrate that EnergyFormer achieves exceptional overall accuracies of 99.28\\%, 98.63\\%, and 98.72\\%, respectively, outperforming state-of-the-art CNN, transformer, and Mamba-based models. The source code will be made available at https://github.com/mahmad000. ## Recorded benchmark results A research result applies to its stated dataset, split, metric and evaluation configuration. Compare like-for-like settings, preserve the metric's unit and direction, and distinguish paper-reported results from independent reproduction. The best result recorded here is not a claim of exhaustive, current global coverage. ## Original sources and implementation [Original paper]() [PDF]()