# Is that a Duiker or Dik Dik Next to the Giraffe? Impacts of Uncertainty on Classification Efficiency in Citizen Science Source: [Is that a Duiker or Dik Dik Next to the Giraffe? Impacts of Uncertainty on Classification Efficiency in Citizen Science]() Collection index: [llms.txt]() Data updated: 2025-10-28T13:56:50.388Z Authors: Vinod Kumar Ahuja, Holly K. Rosser, Andrea Grover Published: 2021-10-14T22:23:59.000Z ## Abstract Quality control is an ongoing concern in citizen science that is often managed by replication to consensus in online tasks such as image classification. Numerous factors can lead to disagreement, including image quality problems, interface specifics, and the complexity of the content itself. We conducted trace ethnography with statistical and qualitative analyses of six Snapshot Safari projects to understand the content characteristics that can lead to uncertainty and low consensus. This study contributes content categorization based on aggregate classifications to characterize image complexity, with analysis that confirms that the categories impact classification efficiency, and an inductively generated set of additional image quality issues that also impact volunteers' ability to confidently classify content. The results suggest that different conceptualizations and measures of consensus may be needed for different types of content, and aggregate responses offer a way to identify content that needs different handling when complexity cannot be determined $a$ $priori$. ## Recorded benchmark results A research result applies to its stated dataset, split, metric and evaluation configuration. Compare like-for-like settings, preserve the metric's unit and direction, and distinguish paper-reported results from independent reproduction. The best result recorded here is not a claim of exhaustive, current global coverage. ## Original sources and implementation [Original paper]() [PDF]()