# Spatial--spectral FFPNet: Attention-Based Pyramid Network for Segmentation and Classification of Remote Sensing Images Source: [Spatial--spectral FFPNet: Attention-Based Pyramid Network for Segmentation and Classification of Remote Sensing Images]() Collection index: [llms.txt]() Data updated: 2025-10-25T22:32:00.581Z Authors: Qingsong Xu, Xin Yuan, Chaojun Ouyang, Yue Zeng Published: 2020-08-20T04:55:34.000Z ## Abstract We consider the problem of segmentation and classification of high-resolution and hyperspectral remote sensing images. Unlike conventional natural (RGB) images, the inherent large scale and complex structures of remote sensing images pose major challenges such as spatial object distribution diversity and spectral information extraction when existing models are directly applied for image classification. In this study, we develop an attention-based pyramid network for segmentation and classification of remote sensing datasets. Attention mechanisms are used to develop the following modules: i) a novel and robust attention-based multi-scale fusion method effectively fuses useful spatial or spectral information at different and same scales; ii) a region pyramid attention mechanism using region-based attention addresses the target geometric size diversity in large-scale remote sensing images; and iii cross-scale attention} in our adaptive atrous spatial pyramid pooling network adapts to varied contents in a feature-embedded space. Different forms of feature fusion pyramid frameworks are established by combining these attention-based modules. First, a novel segmentation framework, called the heavy-weight spatial feature fusion pyramid network (FFPNet), is proposed to address the spatial problem of high-resolution remote sensing images. Second, an end-to-end spatial--spectral FFPNet is presented for classifying hyperspectral images. Experiments conducted on ISPRS Vaihingen and ISPRS Potsdam high-resolution datasets demonstrate the competitive segmentation accuracy achieved by the proposed heavy-weight spatial FFPNet. Furthermore, experiments on the Indian Pines and the University of Pavia hyperspectral datasets indicate that the proposed spatial--spectral FFPNet outperforms the current state-of-the-art methods in hyperspectral image classification. ## Recorded benchmark results A research result applies to its stated dataset, split, metric and evaluation configuration. Compare like-for-like settings, preserve the metric's unit and direction, and distinguish paper-reported results from independent reproduction. The best result recorded here is not a claim of exhaustive, current global coverage. ## Original sources and implementation [Original paper]() [PDF]()