# Density estimation in representation space to predict model uncertainty Source: [Density estimation in representation space to predict model uncertainty]() Collection index: [llms.txt]() Data updated: 2025-10-25T21:50:28.993Z Authors: Tiago Ramalho, Miguel Miranda Published: 2019-08-20T09:21:14.000Z ## Abstract Deep learning models frequently make incorrect predictions with high confidence when presented with test examples that are not well represented in their training dataset. We propose a novel and straightforward approach to estimate prediction uncertainty in a pre-trained neural network model. Our method estimates the training data density in representation space for a novel input. A neural network model then uses this information to determine whether we expect the pre-trained model to make a correct prediction. This uncertainty model is trained by predicting in-distribution errors, but can detect out-of-distribution data without having seen any such example. We test our method for a state-of-the art image classification model in the settings of both in-distribution uncertainty estimation as well as out-of-distribution detection. ## Recorded benchmark results A research result applies to its stated dataset, split, metric and evaluation configuration. Compare like-for-like settings, preserve the metric's unit and direction, and distinguish paper-reported results from independent reproduction. The best result recorded here is not a claim of exhaustive, current global coverage. ## Original sources and implementation [Original paper]() [PDF]()