# Overcoming Missing and Incomplete Modalities with Generative Adversarial Networks for Building Footprint Segmentation Source: [Overcoming Missing and Incomplete Modalities with Generative Adversarial Networks for Building Footprint Segmentation]() Collection index: [llms.txt]() Data updated: 2025-10-25T21:10:58.701Z Authors: Benjamin Bischke, Patrick Helber, Florian K\\"onig, Damian Borth, Andreas Dengel Published: 2018-08-09T15:24:56.000Z ## Abstract The integration of information acquired with different modalities, spatial resolution and spectral bands has shown to improve predictive accuracies. Data fusion is therefore one of the key challenges in remote sensing. Most prior work focusing on multi-modal fusion, assumes that modalities are always available during inference. This assumption limits the applications of multi-modal models since in practice the data collection process is likely to generate data with missing, incomplete or corrupted modalities. In this paper, we show that Generative Adversarial Networks can be effectively used to overcome the problems that arise when modalities are missing or incomplete. Focusing on semantic segmentation of building footprints with missing modalities, our approach achieves an improvement of about 2% on the Intersection over Union (IoU) against the same network that relies only on the available modality. ## Recorded benchmark results A research result applies to its stated dataset, split, metric and evaluation configuration. Compare like-for-like settings, preserve the metric's unit and direction, and distinguish paper-reported results from independent reproduction. The best result recorded here is not a claim of exhaustive, current global coverage. ## Original sources and implementation [Original paper]() [PDF]()