# Raw Waveform-based Audio Classification Using Sample-level CNN Architectures Source: [Raw Waveform-based Audio Classification Using Sample-level CNN Architectures]() Collection index: [llms.txt]() Data updated: 2025-10-25T20:51:10.308Z Authors: Jongpil Lee, Taejun Kim, Jiyoung Park, Juhan Nam Published: 2017-12-04T00:58:58.000Z ## Abstract Music, speech, and acoustic scene sound are often handled separately in the audio domain because of their different signal characteristics. However, as the image domain grows rapidly by versatile image classification models, it is necessary to study extensible classification models in the audio domain as well. In this study, we approach this problem using two types of sample-level deep convolutional neural networks that take raw waveforms as input and uses filters with small granularity. One is a basic model that consists of convolution and pooling layers. The other is an improved model that additionally has residual connections, squeeze-and-excitation modules and multi-level concatenation. We show that the sample-level models reach state-of-the-art performance levels for the three different categories of sound. Also, we visualize the filters along layers and compare the characteristics of learned filters. ## Recorded benchmark results A research result applies to its stated dataset, split, metric and evaluation configuration. Compare like-for-like settings, preserve the metric's unit and direction, and distinguish paper-reported results from independent reproduction. The best result recorded here is not a claim of exhaustive, current global coverage. ## Original sources and implementation [Original paper]() [PDF]()