# Image Classification and Retrieval from User-Supplied Tags

Source: [Image Classification and Retrieval from User-Supplied Tags](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/68fa61971e209131ce9f4e93>)

Collection index: [llms.txt](<https://www.sota2.com/research/llms.txt>)

Data updated: 2025-10-25T20:01:28.850Z

Authors: Hamid Izadinia, Ali Farhadi, Aaron Hertzmann, Matthew D. Hoffman

Published: 2014-11-25T16:17:09.000Z

## Abstract

This paper proposes direct learning of image classification from user-supplied tags, without filtering. Each tag is supplied by the user who shared the image online. Enormous numbers of these tags are freely available online, and they give insight about the image categories important to users and to image classification. Our approach is complementary to the conventional approach of manual annotation, which is extremely costly. We analyze of the Flickr 100 Million Image dataset, making several useful observations about the statistics of these tags. We introduce a large-scale robust classification algorithm, in order to handle the inherent noise in these tags, and a calibration procedure to better predict objective annotations. We show that freely available, user-supplied tags can obtain similar or superior results to large databases of costly manual annotations.

## Recorded benchmark results

A research result applies to its stated dataset, split, metric and evaluation configuration. Compare like-for-like settings, preserve the metric's unit and direction, and distinguish paper-reported results from independent reproduction. The best result recorded here is not a claim of exhaustive, current global coverage.

## Original sources and implementation

[Original paper](<https://arxiv.org/abs/1411.6909>)

[PDF](<https://arxiv.org/pdf/1411.6909.pdf>)