# Electrochemical performance and diffusion kinetics of a NASICON type Na$\_{3.3}$Mn$\_{1.2}$Ti$\_{0.75}$Mo$\_{0.05}$(PO$\_4$)$\_3$/C cathode for low-cost sodium-ion batteries

Source: [Electrochemical performance and diffusion kinetics of a NASICON type Na$\_{3.3}$Mn$\_{1.2}$Ti$\_{0.75}$Mo$\_{0.05}$(PO$\_4$)$\_3$/C cathode for low-cost sodium-ion batteries](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/68fa4c061e209131ce949fb6>)

Collection index: [llms.txt](<https://www.sota2.com/research/llms.txt>)

Data updated: 2025-10-25T08:36:05.165Z

Authors: Madhav Sharma, Rajendra S. Dhaka

Published: 2025-05-13T13:14:18.000Z

## Abstract

We report the electrochemical performance and diffusion kinetics of a newly designed NASICON type Na$\_{3.3}$Mn$\_{1.2}$Ti$\_{0.75}$Mo$\_{0.05}$(PO$\_4$)$\_3$/C composite material as a cathode for cost-effective sodium-ion batteries. A novel strategy of small Mo doping successfully stabilizes the sample having high Mn content in single phase rhombohedral symmerty. The high-resolution microscopy analysis reveals nanocrystallites of around $\\sim$18 nm, uniformly embedded within the semi-graphitic carbon matrix, which enhances the surface electronic conductivity and effectively shortens the sodium-ion diffusion path. More importantly, we demonstrate a stable electrochemical behavior, with enhanced discharge capacity of 124 mAh/g at 0.1 C, having good reversibility and retaining 77\\% of its capacity after 300 cycles, and 70\\% even after 400 cycles at 2 C. The sodium-ion diffusion coefficients, estimated using both galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) and cyclic voltammetry are found to lie within the range of $10^{-9}$ to $10^{-11}$~cm$^2$/s. Additionally, the bond-valence site energy mapping predicted a sodium-ion migration energy barrier of 0.76 eV. A detailed distribution of relaxation times (DRT) analysis is used to deconvolute the electrochemical impedance spectra into distinct processes based on their characteristic relaxation times. Notably, the solid-state diffusion of sodium ions within the bulk electrode, with a relaxation time of $\\sim$50 s, shows a consistent trend with the diffusion coefficients obtained from GITT and Warburg-based evaluations across the state of charge.

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## Original sources and implementation

[Original paper](<https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.10572>)

[PDF](<https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.10572.pdf>)