# Non-equilibrium Ion Transport in a Hybrid Battery Material

Source: [Non-equilibrium Ion Transport in a Hybrid Battery Material](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/68fa4b9e1e209131ce9472a7>)

Collection index: [llms.txt](<https://www.sota2.com/research/llms.txt>)

Data updated: 2025-10-25T08:25:07.105Z

Authors: J. Cattermull, B. Jagger, S. J. Cassidy, S. Dhir, P. K. Allan, M. Pasta, A. L. Goodwin

Published: 2025-09-04T18:08:41.000Z

## Abstract

Hybrid materials, which combine inorganic and molecular components, often exhibit structural flexibility that enables unusual functional responses. Among them, Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) are a promising class for post-lithium battery technologies. Here, we show that non-equilibrium transformation processes govern the charge-storage mechanism of a PBA electrode, K2Mn\[Fe(CN)6\]. Ostensibly, this behavior mirrors that observed in high-rate cycling of conventional cathodes such as LiFePO4, yet arises here for fundamentally different reasons -- namely, low elastic moduli and cooperative distortions inherent to the hybrid framework. Using \\emph{operando} methods, we show that framework flexibility limits transport kinetics and promotes collective, metastable pathways. Our results highlight new directions for PBA cathode optimisation, but also suggest a broader relevance of non-equilibrium mechanisms for mass transport in hybrid materials beyond PBAs alone.

## Recorded benchmark results

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## Original sources and implementation

[Original paper](<https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.04587>)

[PDF](<https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.04587.pdf>)