# Thermodynamic Interpolation: A generative approach to molecular thermodynamics and kinetics Source: [Thermodynamic Interpolation: A generative approach to molecular thermodynamics and kinetics]() Collection index: [llms.txt]() Data updated: 2025-10-25T06:51:38.435Z Authors: Selma Moqvist, Weilong Chen, Mathias Schreiner, Feliks N\\"uske, Simon Olsson Published: 2024-11-15T09:43:01.000Z ## Abstract Using normalizing flows and reweighting, Boltzmann Generators enable equilibrium sampling from a Boltzmann distribution, defined by an energy function and thermodynamic state. In this work, we introduce Thermodynamic Interpolation (TI), which allows for generating sampling statistics in a temperature-controllable way. We introduce TI flavors that work directly in the ambient configurational space, mapping between different thermodynamic states or through a latent, normally distributed reference state. Our ambient-space approach allows for the specification of arbitrary target temperatures, ensuring generalizability within the temperature range of the training set and demonstrating the potential for extrapolation beyond it. We validate the effectiveness of TI on model systems that exhibit metastability and non-trivial temperature dependencies. Finally, we demonstrate how to combine TI-based sampling to estimate free energy differences through various free energy perturbation methods and provide corresponding approximated kinetic rates estimated through generator extended dynamic mode decomposition (gEDMD). ## Recorded benchmark results A research result applies to its stated dataset, split, metric and evaluation configuration. Compare like-for-like settings, preserve the metric's unit and direction, and distinguish paper-reported results from independent reproduction. The best result recorded here is not a claim of exhaustive, current global coverage. ## Original sources and implementation [Original paper]() [PDF]()