# A thermo-hygro computational model to determine the factors dictating cold joint formation in 3D printed concrete

Source: [A thermo-hygro computational model to determine the factors dictating cold joint formation in 3D printed concrete](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/68fa47311e209131ce926140>)

Collection index: [llms.txt](<https://www.sota2.com/research/llms.txt>)

Data updated: 2025-10-25T06:12:15.305Z

Authors: Michal Hlobil, Luca Michel, Mohit Pundir, David S. Kammer

Published: 2024-06-07T19:54:39.000Z

## Abstract

Cold joints in extruded concrete structures form once the exposed surface of a deposited filament dries prematurely and gets sequentially covered by a layer of fresh concrete. This creates a material heterogeneity which lowers the structural durability and shortens the designed service life. Many factors concurrently affect cold joint formation, yet a suitable tool for their categorization is missing. Here, we present a computational model that simulates the drying kinetics at the exposed structural surface, accounting for cement hydration and the resulting microstructural development. The model provides a time estimate for cold joint formation as a result. It allows us to assess the drying severity for a given structure's geometry, its interaction with the environment, and ambient conditions. We evaluate the assessed factors and provide generalized recommendations for cold joint mitigation.

## Recorded benchmark results

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## Original sources and implementation

[Original paper](<https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.05238>)

[PDF](<https://arxiv.org/pdf/2406.05238.pdf>)