# Multipolar condensates and multipolar Josephson effects

Source: [Multipolar condensates and multipolar Josephson effects](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/68fa45611e209131ce918047>)

Collection index: [llms.txt](<https://www.sota2.com/research/llms.txt>)

Data updated: 2025-10-25T05:15:13.516Z

Authors: Wenhui Xu, Chenwei Lv, Qi Zhou

Published: 2023-06-25T11:42:26.000Z

## Abstract

When single-particle dynamics are suppressed in certain strongly correlated systems, dipoles arise as elementary carriers of quantum kinetics. These dipoles can further condense, providing physicists with a rich realm to study fracton phases of matter. Whereas recent theoretical discoveries have shown that an unconventional lattice model may host a dipole condensate as the ground state, fundamental questions arise as to whether dipole condensation is a generic phenomenon rather than a specific one unique to a particular model and what new quantum macroscopic phenomena a dipole condensate may bring us with. Here, we show that dipole condensates prevail in bosonic systems. Because of a self-proximity effect, where single-particle kinetics inevitably induces a finite order parameter of dipoles, dipole condensation readily occurs in conventional normal phases of bosons. Our findings allow experimentalists to manipulate the phase of a dipole condensate and deliver dipolar Josephson effects, where supercurrents of dipoles arise in the absence of particle flows. The self-proximity effects can also be utilized to produce a generic multipolar condensate. The kinetics of the $n$-th order multipoles unavoidably creates a condensate of the $(n+1)$-th order multipoles, forming a hierarchy of multipolar condensates that will offer physicists a whole new class of macroscopic quantum phenomena.

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## Original sources and implementation

[Original paper](<https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.14214>)

[PDF](<https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.14214.pdf>)