# A Hessian Geometric Structure of Chemical Thermodynamic Systems with Stoichiometric Constraints

Source: [A Hessian Geometric Structure of Chemical Thermodynamic Systems with Stoichiometric Constraints](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/68fa42651e209131ce9020f6>)

Collection index: [llms.txt](<https://www.sota2.com/research/llms.txt>)

Data updated: 2025-10-25T03:46:03.257Z

Authors: Yuki Sughiyama, Dimitri Loutchko, Atsushi Kamimura, Tetsuya J. Kobayashi

Published: 2021-12-23T07:54:15.000Z

## Abstract

We establish a Hessian geometric structure in chemical thermodynamics which describes chemical reaction networks (CRNs) with equilibrium states. In our setup, the ideal gas assumption and mass action kinetics are not required. The existence and uniqueness condition of the equilibrium state is derived by using the Legendre duality inherent to the Hessian structure. The entropy production during a relaxation to the equilibrium state can be evaluated by the Bregman divergence. Furthermore, the equilibrium state is characterized by four distinct minimization problems of the divergence, which are obtained from the generalized Pythagorean theorem originating in the dual flatness. For the ideal gas case, we confirm that our existence and uniqueness condition implies Birch's theorem, and that the entropy production represented by the divergence coincides with the generalized Kullback-Leibler divergence. In addition, under mass action kinetics, our general framework reproduces the local detailed balance condition.

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## Original sources and implementation

[Original paper](<https://arxiv.org/abs/2112.12403>)

[PDF](<https://arxiv.org/pdf/2112.12403.pdf>)