# Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics of Non-Ideal Chemical Reaction Networks

Source: [Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics of Non-Ideal Chemical Reaction Networks](<https://www.sota2.com/research/paper/68fa3e431e209131ce8e6ce6>)

Collection index: [llms.txt](<https://www.sota2.com/research/llms.txt>)

Data updated: 2025-10-25T01:56:10.350Z

Authors: Francesco Avanzini, Emanuele Penocchio, Gianmaria Falasco, Massimiliano Esposito

Published: 2020-12-18T17:34:00.000Z

## Abstract

All current formulations of nonequilibrium thermodynamics of open chemical reaction networks rely on the assumption of non-interacting species. We develop a general theory which accounts for interactions between chemical species within a mean-field approach using activity coefficients. Thermodynamic consistency requires that rate equations do not obey to standard mass-action kinetics, but account for the interactions with concentration dependent kinetic constants. Many features of the ideal formulations are recovered. Crucially, the thermodynamic potential and the forces driving non-ideal chemical systems out of equilibrium are identified. Our theory is general and holds for any mean-field expression of the interactions leading to lower bounded free energies.

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## Original sources and implementation

[Original paper](<https://arxiv.org/abs/2012.10375>)

[PDF](<https://arxiv.org/pdf/2012.10375.pdf>)