# Diagnostics of plasma in the ionospheric D-region: detection and study of different ionospheric disturbance types Source: [Diagnostics of plasma in the ionospheric D-region: detection and study of different ionospheric disturbance types]() Collection index: [llms.txt]() Data updated: 2025-10-24T21:30:48.084Z Authors: Aleksandra Nina, Vladimir M. \\v{C}ade\\v{z}, Luka \\v{C}. Popovi\\'c, Vladimir A. Sre\\'ckovi\\'c Published: 2017-05-22T10:26:09.000Z ## Abstract Here we discuss our recent investigations of the ionospheric plasma by using very low and low frequency (VLF/LF) radio waves. We give a review of how to detect different low ionospheric reactions (sudden ionospheric disturbances) to various terrestrial and extra-terrestrial events, show their classification according to intensity and time duration, and present some methods for their detections in time and frequency domains. Investigations of detection in time domain are carried out for intensive long-lasting perturbations induced by solar X-ray flares and for short-lasting perturbations caused by gamma ray bursts. We also analyze time variations of signals used in the low ionospheric monitoring after earthquake events. In addition, we describe a procedure for the detection of acoustic and gravity waves from the VLF/LF signal analysis in frequency domain. The research of the low ionospheric plasma is based on data collected by the VLF/LF receivers located in Belgrade, Serbia. ## Recorded benchmark results A research result applies to its stated dataset, split, metric and evaluation configuration. Compare like-for-like settings, preserve the metric's unit and direction, and distinguish paper-reported results from independent reproduction. The best result recorded here is not a claim of exhaustive, current global coverage. ## Original sources and implementation [Original paper]() [PDF]()